SALT IODINE MONITORING IN THE ARMED FORCES.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Cariappa MP
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5531857 | biostudies-other | 1999 Jul
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:BackgroundPersonal Health Monitoring (PHM) has the potential to enhance soldier health outcomes. To promote morally responsible development, implementation, and use of PHM in the armed forces, it is important to be aware of the inherent ethical dimension of PHM. In order to improve the understanding of the ethical dimension, a scoping review of the existing academic literature on the ethical dimension of PHM was conducted.MethodsFour bibliographical databases (Ovid/Medline, Embase.com, Clarivate Analytics/Web of Science Core Collection, and Elsevier/SCOPUS) were searched for relevant literature from their inception to June 1, 2023. Studies were included if they sufficiently addressed the ethical dimension of PHM and were related to or claimed relevance for the military. After selection and extraction, the data was analysed using a qualitative thematic approach.ResultsA total of 9,071 references were screened. After eligibility screening, 19 articles were included for this review. The review identifies and describes three categories reflecting the ethical dimension of PHM in the military: (1) utilitarian considerations, (2) value-based considerations, and (3) regulatory responsibilities. The four main values that have been identified as being of concern are those of privacy, security, trust, and autonomy.ConclusionsThis review demonstrates that PHM in the armed forces is primarily approached from a utilitarian perspective, with a focus on its benefits, without explicit critical deliberation on PHM's potential moral downsides. Also, the review highlights a significant research gap with a specific lack of empirical studies focussing specifically on the ethical dimension of PHM. Awareness of the inherent ethical dimension of PHM in the military, including value conflicts and how to balance them, can help to contribute to a morally responsible development, implementation, and use of PHM in the armed forces.
| S-EPMC11316322 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A total of 651 cases of leprosy were hospitalised from Jan 1987 to Dec 1992. Each patient underwent haemogram, total and differential white cell count, urinalysis, liver function tests, skin slit smear for AFB and skin biopsy. Nerve conduction studies, electomyographic studies and nerve/nerve sheath biopsies were undertaken as and when indicated. These patients were managed with multidrug therapy. Paucibacillary (PB) leprosy accounted for 476 (73.1%) cases which comprised of indeterminate leprosy 90 (13.8%), tuberculoid leprosy 14 (2.2%), borderline tuberculoid leprosy 310 (47.6%) and neuritic leprosy 62 (9.5%). The remaining 175 patients (26.9%) were multibacillary (MB) which included borderline leprosy 9 (1.4%), borderline lepromatous leprosy 129 (19.8%) and lepromatous leprosy 37 (5.7%) patients. There were total 153 patients in 1987. This number declined to 44 in 1992. PB declined from 113 in 1987 to 39 in 1992 and MB cases from 40 to 5.
| S-EPMC5529772 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundFew studies have examined suicide risk in individuals once they have left the military. We aimed to investigate the rate, timing, and risk factors for suicide in all those who had left the UK Armed Forces (1996-2005).Methods and findingsWe carried out a cohort study of ex-Armed Forces personnel by linking national databases of discharged personnel and suicide deaths (which included deaths receiving either a suicide or undetermined verdict). Comparisons were made with both general and serving populations. During the study period 233,803 individuals left the Armed Forces and 224 died by suicide. Although the overall rate of suicide was not greater than that in the general population, the risk of suicide in men aged 24 y and younger who had left the Armed Forces was approximately two to three times higher than the risk for the same age groups in the general and serving populations (age-specific rate ratios ranging from 170 to 290). The risk of suicide for men aged 30-49 y was lower than that in the general population. The risk was persistent but may have been at its highest in the first 2 y following discharge. The risk of suicide was greatest in males, those who had served in the Army, those with a short length of service, and those of lower rank. The rate of contact with specialist mental health was lowest in the age groups at greatest risk of suicide (14% for those aged under 20 y, 20% for those aged 20-24 y).ConclusionsYoung men who leave the UK Armed Forces were at increased risk of suicide. This may reflect preservice vulnerabilities rather than factors related to service experiences or discharge. Preventive strategies might include practical and psychological preparation for discharge and encouraging appropriate help-seeking behaviour once individuals have left the services.
| S-EPMC2650723 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Pattern of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in 1027 male patients admitted during 1990 to 1996 were analysed. Majority of cases (86%) were in age group of 20 to 40 years. Out of total 1027 STD cases 334 (32%) were having chancroid, 237 (23%) syphilis, 122 (11.9%) lymphogranuloma venereum, 130 (12.6%) gonorrhoea, 34 (3.3%) Herpes genitalis and 170 (16.5%) other STDs. 167 STD cases (163%) were found to have HIV infection. A rising trend in prevalence of HIV infection in STD patients from 2.8% (1990) to 27.8 (1996) was noticed contrary to declining trend of STDs from 213 cases in 1990 to 79 cases in 1996. The prevalence of HIV infection was 303% in LGV, 19.3% in chancroid, 13.5% in syphilis, 17.6% in herpes genitalis, 6.7% in gonorrhoea and 11.2% in other STD cases. Out of total 167 STD cases having HIV infection 65 (40%) cases were of chancroid, 37 (22.2%) of LGV, 32(19.2%) of syphilis, 8 (4.8) of gonorrhoea, and 6(3.6%) of herpes genitalis while 17 (10.2) cases were having other STDs.
| S-EPMC5531938 | biostudies-other
Project description:Fifty five Armed Forces personnel detected to be seropositives for human immunodeficiency virus were the subjects of the study. After baseline clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations and Centre for Disease Control classification, through a semistructured interview, their sexual orientation, behaviour and psychiatric morbidity were assessed. Sixtynine percent had another sexually transmitted disease as comorbidity. Heterosexual contact was responsible for the infection in 54 out of 55 subjects. Seven patients were freshly diagnosed to have psychiatric illness.
| S-EPMC5529762 | biostudies-other
Project description:A total of 8123 Armed Forces personnel attended dermatological OPD from Jan 1989 to Dec 1994. On analysing the record it is found that 2953 (36.3%) cases had infective dermatosis and 5170 (63.7%) cases had non-infective dermatosis. Common infective dermatosis included fungal infections (17.2%), viral infections (7.7%), bacterial infections (3.6%) and arthropode infestations (7.8%). Common non-infective dermatosis included papulosquamous disorders (13.5%), pigmentary disorders (13.4%), eczemas (11.1%), acne (8.7%), alopecia (6.1%), urticaria (4.2%) and drug eruptions (1.9%).
| S-EPMC5531318 | biostudies-other
Project description:Adequate maternal iodine intake is essential during pregnancy for the development of the foetus. To assess the extent of iodine insufficiency and its association with household iodized salt in rural Bangladesh, we measured urinary iodine and household salt iodine content among pregnant women in early (≤16 weeks, n = 1376) and late (≥32 weeks, n = 1114) pregnancy. Salt (∼20 g) and a spot urine sample (∼10 mL) were collected from women participating in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation in rural northwestern Bangladesh during home visits in early and late pregnancy. Salt iodine was analyzed by iodometric titration, and urinary iodine by the Ohashi method. Almost all salt samples had some detectable iodine, but over 75% contained <15 ppm. Median (interquartile range) urinary iodine concentrations were 66 (34-133) and 55 (28-110) µg L⁻¹ in early and late pregnancy, respectively; urinary iodine <150 µg L⁻¹ was found in ∼80% of women at both times in pregnancy. Although the risk of iodine insufficiency declined with increasing iodine content of household salt (P for trend <0.05), median urinary iodine did not reach 150 µg L⁻¹ until iodine in household salt was at least 32 ppm and 51 ppm during early and late pregnancy, respectively. Despite a national policy on universal salt iodization, salt iodine content remains insufficient to maintain adequate maternal iodine status throughout pregnancy in rural northern Bangladesh. Alternative measures like direct iodine supplementation during pregnancy could be considered to assure adequate iodine status during this high-risk period of life.
| S-EPMC6860684 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The war in Ukraine has pushed the role of satellite imagery in armed conflicts into the spotlight. For a long time, satellite images were primarily used for military and intelligence purposes, but today they permeate every aspect of armed conflicts. Their importance in influencing the course of armed conflicts will further grow as progress in deep learning makes automated analysis progressively possible. This article assesses the state of the research working toward the remote monitoring of armed conflicts and highlights opportunities to increase the positive societal impact of future research efforts. First, we map the existing literature, categorizing studies in terms of conflict events that are covered, conflict context and scope, techniques, and types of satellite imagery used to identify conflict events. Second, we discuss how these choices affect opportunities to develop applications for human rights, humanitarian, and peacekeeping actors. Third, we provide an outlook, assessing promising paths forward. While much focus has been on high spatial resolution imagery, we demonstrate why research on freely available satellite images with moderate spatial but high temporal resolution can lead to more scalable and transferable options. We argue that research on such images should be prioritized, as it will have a greater positive impact on society, and we discuss what types of applications may soon become feasible through such research. We call for concerted efforts to compile a large dataset of nonsensitive conflict events to accelerate research toward the remote monitoring of armed conflicts and for interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure conflict-sensitive monitoring solutions.
| S-EPMC10291284 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Three hundred and one underfive children belonging to Armed Forces families were studied for their anthropometric and haemoglobin status. Their weights, MUAC and haemoglobin were superior as compared with the children in the general civil population as reported in various studies. 82.39% had weights above 80% of Harvard median. Chest circumference and head circumference crossing took place between 12-23 months. 69.56% had MUAC within normal limits and 59.81% had haemoglobin levels of 11 gm/dl or more. The healthier nutritional status of the underfives in the Armed Forces population is attributable to a healthier environment and an easy access to comprehensive health care facilities made available to them. It can be further improved by augmenting and modernising the MCH services with a view to provide quality care.
| S-EPMC5531907 | biostudies-other
Project description:A large number of microfilaria (MF) positive cases were reported at a Military Hospital in 1994. The epidemiological investigations included mass night blood survey, detection of sector breeding places and entomological studies. Control measures were instituted concurrently and this included treatment of positive cases, sector control measures, personal protection and health education. The mass blood survey was continued in 1995 as well to find the outcome of control measures. A total of 215 MF positive cases were detected in 1994 with MF rate of 9.63. The only MF species identified was Wuchereria bancrofti. 203% cases were in the station for less than six months. 71.3% of MF positive cases were asymptomatic. As per state health authorities, Culex quinquefasciatus was the known vector for spread of the disease in the region. However, in present study, it could not be implicated as dissection of over 200 mosquitoes of this species was negative for filarial parasite. Our study stresses the importance of close monitoring of the disease by night blood surveys and effective integrated vector control measures.
| S-EPMC5531781 | biostudies-other