Salivary flow and xerostomia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Lima DLF
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5540406 | biostudies-other | 2017
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:The objective of this study was to investigate the salivary proteins that are associated with periodontitis in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Volunteers for the study were patients from the Diabetic Unit, University of Malaya Medical Centre, whose periodontal status was determined. The diabetic volunteers were divided into two groups, i.e., patients with periodontitis and those who were periodontally healthy. Saliva samples were collected and treated with 10% TCA/acetone/20 mM DTT to precipitate the proteins, which were then separated using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gel images were scanned using the GS-800(TM) Calibrated Densitometer. The protein spots were analyzed and expressed in percentage volumes. The percentage volume of each protein spot was subjected to Mann-Whitney statistical analysis using SPSS software and false discovery rate correction. When the expression of the salivary proteins was compared between the T2DM patients with periodontitis with those who were periodontally healthy, seven proteins, including polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, plastin-2, actin related protein 3, leukocyte elastase inhibitor, carbonic anhydrases 6, immunoglobulin J and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, were found to be differentially expressed (p < 0.01304). This implies that the proteins may have the potential to be used as biomarkers for the prediction of T2DM patients who may be prone to periodontitis.
| S-EPMC3344237 | biostudies-other
Project description:AimsTo explore the differences in salivary BPI fold containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1) concentration among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with various severities of chronic periodontitis and to determine whether BPIFA1 in saliva can be used as a potential biomarker of T2DM.MethodsUnstimulated saliva samples were collected from 44 subjects with T2DM and 44 without T2DM (NDM). Additionally, demographic data and general health parameters, including fasting blood glucose (FBG) and body mass index (BMI), were collected. We also detected full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding index (BI), and plaque index (PLI). Salivary BPIFA1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations were also detected.ResultsBPIFA1 in saliva was detected at relatively high levels. T2DM subjects had decreased salivary BPIFA1 concentrations (P = 0.031). In T2DM subjects with nonperiodontitis or severe periodontitis, the level of BPIFA1 was significantly lower compared with that of NDM. Salivary TNF-α concentration displayed a similar trend to BPIFA1 in the NDM group.ConclusionsBPIFA1 protein is rich in saliva and might be used as a potential predictive biomarker of T2DM, especially in patients with severe periodontitis and nonperiodontitis. This trial is registered with ChiCTR-ROC-17010310.
| S-EPMC5646319 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Several studies have ascertained differences in salivary microbiota between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and healthy populations. However, the predictive accuracy and reproducibility of these 16S rRNA sequencing analyses when applied to other cohorts remain enigmatic. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the included 470 samples from five researches in publicly available databases. The discrepancy and predictive accuracy of salivary microbiota between T2DM patients and healthy populations were evaluated from multiple perspectives, followed by the identification of salivary biomarkers for DM. Next, a classification model (areas under the curves = 0.92) was developed based on a large sample. The model could be used for clinical diagnosis and prognostic monitoring and as a basis for hypothesis-driven mechanistic researches. Furthermore, the research heterogeneity across geographic regions suggested that microbiological markers might not become a uniform clinical standard in human beings. They rather identify abnormal alterations under the microbiological characteristics of a specific population.
| S-EPMC8821939 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The alarming increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) underscores the need for efficient screening and preventive strategies. Select protein biomarker profiles emerge over time during T2DM development. Periodic evaluation of these markers will increase the predictive ability of diabetes risk scores. Noninvasive methods for frequent measurements of biomarkers are increasingly being investigated. Application of salivary diagnostics has gained importance with the establishment of significant similarities between the salivary and serum proteomes. The objective of this study is to identify T2DM-specific salivary biomarkers by literature-based discovery. A serial interrogation of the PubMed database was performed using MeSH terms of specific T2DM pathological processes in primary and secondary iterations to compile cohorts of T2DM-specific serum markers. Subsequent search consisted of mining for the identified serum markers in human saliva. More than 60% of T2DM-associated serum proteins have been measured in saliva. Nearly half of these proteins have been reported in diabetic saliva. Measurements of salivary lipids and oxidative stress markers that can exhibit correlated saliva plasma ratio could constitute reliable factors for T2DM risk assessment. We conclude that a high percentage of T2DM-associated serum proteins can be measured in saliva, which offers an attractive and economical strategy for T2DM screening.
| S-EPMC4433061 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are a rapidly emerging population that presents unique clinical challenges. This diverse patient group can differ widely in terms of physical and mental status, which can increase their risk of complications including hypoglycemia, falls, and depression. These factors can negatively impact their glycemic control, safety, and quality of life. The risk of hypoglycemic events is elevated among elderly patients with diabetes. In many cases, these events are related to antidiabetic therapy and the pursuit of strict glycemic control. Fear of a hypoglycemic episode, on the part of the patient and/or healthcare provider, is another major barrier to achieving glycemic control. Hypoglycemic events, even in the absence of awareness of the event (asymptomatic), can have negative consequences. To help manage these risks, several national and international organizations have proposed guidelines to address individualized treatment goals for older adults with diabetes. This article reviews current treatment guidelines for setting glycemic targets in elderly patients with T2DM, and discusses the role of emerging treatment options in this patient population.
| S-EPMC3889320 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundStudies have found conflicting evidence regarding the association of hypoglycemia with dementia. We evaluated an association of hypoglycemia with subsequent dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsThis retrospective longitudinal cohort study used the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, an electronic medical records data from the United Kingdom, from 2003 to 2012. We included patients aged >65 years diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, with no prior diagnosis of dementia. Dementia was defined using diagnosis codes from medical records. All patients were followed from the date of initial diabetes diagnosis. To account for competing risk of death, we used Fine and Gray's competing risk model to determine the association of hypoglycemia with dementia while adjusting for potential confounders. Hypoglycemia was modeled as a time-dependent covariate.ResultsOf 53,055 patients, 5.7% (n = 3,018) had at least one hypoglycemia episodes. The overall incidence rate of dementia was 12.7 per 1,000 person-years. In the fully adjusted model that controlled for all confounders, the occurrence of at least one hypoglycemia episode was associated with 27% higher odds of subsequent dementia (hazard ratio = 1.27; 95% confidence interval = 1.06-1.51). The risk increased with the number of hypoglycemia episodes: one episode (hazard ratio = 1.26; 95% confidence interval = 1.03-1.54); two or more episodes (hazard ratio = 1.50; 95% confidence interval = 1.09-2.08).ConclusionsHypoglycemia is associated with a higher risk of dementia and may be responsible in part for the higher risk of dementia in patients with diabetes. Alternatively, hypoglycemia may be a marker for undiagnosed cognitive impairment, and we cannot rule out the possibility of reverse causation between hypoglycemia and dementia.
| S-EPMC5861972 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Objective: To analyze the factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) "remission" in non-bariatric Medicare patients 65 years and older. Research Design and Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of a Medicare Advantage health plan was conducted using administrative data. An individual was identified as T2DM if the individual had: ≥ 2 medical claims for T2DM coded 250.xx excluding type 1 diabetes; or ≥ 2 pharmacy claims related to T2DM; or ≥ 2 combined medical claims, pharmacy claims for T2DM in 12 months. A T2DM individual was in "remission" if they had no T2DM related claims for more than 12 months continuously. This is different from the standard American Diabetes Association (ADA) definition of remission which includes HbA1c values and hence is represented in quotation (as "remission"). 10,059 T2DM individuals were evaluated over a period of 8 years from 2008 to 2015. Cox proportional hazards was used to identify significant variables associated with T2DM "remission." Results: 4.97% of patients studied met the definition of T2DM "remission" in the study cohort. After adjusting for covariates this study found a number of variables associated with T2DM "remission" that were not previously reported: no statin use; low diabetes complications severity index score; no hypertension; no neuropathy; no retinopathy; race (non-white and non-African American); presence of other chronic ischemic heart disease (IHD) and females (p < 0.05). Conclusion: T2DM "remission" in Medicare patients 65 years and older is observed in a community setting in a small proportion of non-bariatric patients.
| S-EPMC6473045 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic disease that affects the oral health. The aim of the study is to evaluate the dental caries, salivary flow rate, buffer capacity, and Lactobacilli in saliva in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus compared to the control group. Methods. The sample consisted of 160 children of 10 to 15 years divided into two groups: 80 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 80 children as a control group. Dental caries was assessed using the DMFT index for permanent dentition. Stimulated saliva was collected among all children. Salivary flow rate and buffer capacity were measured, and the colonies of Lactobacillus in saliva were determined. The observed children have answered a number of questions related to their dental visits and parents' education. The data obtained from each group were compared statistically using the chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U-test. The significant level was set at p < 0.05. Results. DMFT in children with type 1 diabetes was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.001). Diabetic children have a low level of stimulated salivary flow rate compared to control children (0.86 ± 0.16 and 1.10 ± 0.14). The buffer capacity showed statistically significant differences between children with type 1 diabetes and control group (p < 0.001). Also, children with type 1 diabetes had a higher count and a higher risk of Lactobacillus compared to the control group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001). Conclusion. The findings we obtained showed that type 1 diabetes mellitus has an important part in children's oral health. It appears that children with type 1 diabetes are exposed to a higher risk for caries and oral health than nondiabetic children.
| S-EPMC6189668 | biostudies-other
Project description:IntroductionDiabetes mellitus may compromise the vasculature of the iris, thereby leading to severe vision-threatening complications. This study aimed to investigate differences in iris blood flow indices between pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients and adult type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study. Pediatric T1DM patients and healthy children were members of the Shanghai Children and Adolescent Diabetes Eye (SCADE) cohort who visited Shanghai Eye Hospital in February 2022. The adult T2DM patients and healthy adults were patients who visited Shanghai General Hospital from October 2021 to January 2022. Iris OCTA was acquired through a Cirrus HD-OCT 5000 angiography system (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc.). A unique iris OCTA quantification method was used, and the vessel area density (VAD) and vessel skeleton density (VSD) were obtained. The area from the pupillary margin to the corneoscleral limbus was taken as the whole iris blood flow index, and the inner third near the pupillary margin of the whole iris was taken as the pupillary margin blood flow index.ResultsThis study enrolled 34 pediatric T1DM patients, 34 age-matched healthy children, 34 adult T2DM patients, and 34 age-matched healthy adults. The whole iris and pupillary margin VAD and VSD of the pediatric T1DM patients were not different from those of healthy children. The whole iris VAD and VSD of the adult T2DM patients were lower than those of healthy adults, and the pupillary margin VAD and VSD were the same in these two groups. Compared with adult T2DM patients, pediatric T1DM patients had higher whole iris VAD and VSD and lower pupillary margin VAD and VSD values, all with statistical significance. Among diabetic patients, age, BMI, and glycated hemoglobin level were negative independent influencing factors for whole iris VAD and VSD, and age was a positive influencing factor for pupillary margin VAD and VSD.ConclusionThere are diverse alterations in iris vessel density and blood flow distribution between pediatric T1DM patients and adult T2DM patients.
| S-EPMC10614557 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The aims of this systematic review are (1) to compare the prevalence of xerostomia and hyposalivation between patients taking antihypertensive drugs with a control group (CG), (2) to compare salivary flow rate between patients treated with a CG, and (3) to identify which antihypertensives produce xerostomia. This systematic review was carried out according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. To evaluate methodological quality of the eligible studies Cochrane Collaboration tool for assessing the risk of bias for clinical trials and the modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale case-control studies were used. The databases were searched for studies up to November 19th 2019. The search strategy yielded 6201 results and 13 publications were finally included (five clinical trials and eight case-control studies). The results of the included studies did not provide evidence to state that patients taking antihypertensives suffer more xerostomia or hyposalivation than patients not taking them. With regard to salivary flow, only two clinical studies showed a significant decrease in salivary flow and even one showed a significant increase after treatment. The case-control studies showed great variability in salivary flow, but in this case most studies showed how salivary flow is lower in patients medicated with antihypertensive drugs. The great variability of antihypertensive drugs included, the types of studies and the outcomes collected made it impossible to study which antihypertensive drug produces more salivary alterations. The quality assessment showed how each of the studies was of low methodological quality. Therefore, future studies about this topic are necessary to confirm whether antihypertensive drugs produce salivary alterations.
| S-EPMC7177425 | biostudies-literature