Gender-related differences in long-term outcome among high-risk patients with myocardial infarction treated invasively.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Sarek J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5545660 | biostudies-other | 2017
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:ImportanceThere is growing awareness of sex-related differences in cardiovascular risk profiles, but less is known about whether these extend to pre-menopausal females experiencing an early-onset myocardial infarction (MI), who may benefit from the protective effects of estrogen exposure.MethodsA nationwide study involving 125 Italian Coronary Care Units recruited 2,000 patients between 1998 and 2002 hospitalized for a type I myocardial infarction before the age of 45 years (male, n = 1,778 (88.9%). Patients were followed up for a median of 19.9 years (IQR 18.1-22.6). The primary composite endpoint was the occurrence of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial re-infarction or non-fatal stroke, and the secondary endpoint of hospitalization for revascularisation by means of a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG).ResultsST-elevation MI was the most frequent presentation among both men and women (85.1 vs. 87.4%, p = ns), but the men had a greater baseline coronary atherosclerotic burden (median Duke Coronary Artery Disease Index: 48 vs. 23; median Syntax score 9 vs. 7; both p < 0.001). The primary composite endpoint occurred less frequently among women (25.7% vs. 37.0%; adjusted hazard ratio: 0.69, 95% CI 0.52-0.91; p = 0.01) despite being less likely to receive treatment with most secondary prevention medications during follow up.ConclusionsThere are significant sex-related differences in baseline risk factors and outcomes among patients with early-onset MI: women present with a lower atherosclerotic disease burden and, although they are less frequently prescribed secondary prevention measures, experience better long-term outcomes.Trial registration4272/98 Ospedale Niguarda, Ca' Granda 03/09/1998.
| S-EPMC9289186 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) has been identified as a major risk factor for mortality after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the long-term risk of ischemic stroke associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) in ACS remains controversial, and its gender-specific association is unknown.MethodsWe analyzed the data of 10,137 ACS survivors included in a multicenter, prospective registry for Korean patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between January 2004 and August 2014. Subjects were categorized into three groups (non-AF vs. NOAF vs. previous AF) based on medical history and electrocardiographic evidence of AF, either at admission or during hospitalization.ResultsAmong the total study population (72.3% men), 370 patients (3.6%) had NOAF and 130 (1.3%) had previous AF. During a median follow-up of 61 months (interquartile range, 38.8 to 89.3 months), 245 (2.4%) patients (218 (2.3%) non-AF vs. 15 (4.1%) NOAF vs. 12 (9.2%) previous AF, p < 0.001) experienced ischemic stroke. After adjustment for confounding variables, both NOAF (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-3.24, p = 0.024) and previous AF (adjusted HR 4.00, 95% CI 2.03-7.87, p < 0.001), along with older age, diabetes, current smoker, and previous stroke were independent risk factors of ischemic stroke. In the gender-stratified analysis, men with previous AF but not NOAF had a significantly higher risk of ischemic stroke (adjusted HR 4.14, 95% CI 1.79-9.55, p = 0.001) than those without AF. In women, NOAF (adjusted HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.21-5.35, p = 0.014) as well as previous AF (adjusted HR 3.72, 95% CI 1.16-11.96, p = 0.028) was a strong predictor of ischemic stroke, and the predictive value was comparable to that of previous AF among patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 2.ConclusionsBoth NOAF and previous AF were associated with ischemic stroke after AMI, but the impact of NOAF as a risk factor of ischemic stroke was significant only in women.
| S-EPMC8584956 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Studies of sex differences in long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction have reported mixed results. A systematic review is needed to characterize what is known about sex differences in long-term outcomes and to define gaps in knowledge.We searched the Medline database from 1966 to December 2012 to identify all studies that provided sex-based comparisons of mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Only studies with at least 5 years of follow-up were reviewed. Of the 1877 identified abstracts, 52 studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 39 were included in this review. Most studies included fewer than one-third women. There was significant heterogeneity across studies in patient populations, methodology, and risk adjustment, which produced substantial variability in risk estimates. In general, most studies reported higher unadjusted mortality for women compared with men at both 5 and 10 years after acute myocardial infarction; however, many of the differences in mortality became attenuated after adjustment for age. Multivariable models varied between studies; however, most reported a further reduction in sex differences after adjustment for covariates other than age. Few studies examined sex-by-age interactions; however, several studies reported interactions between sex and treatment whereby women have similar mortality risk as men after revascularization.Sex differences in long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction are largely explained by differences in age, comorbidities, and treatment use between women and men. Future research should aim to clarify how these differences in risk factors and presentation contribute to the sex gap in mortality.
| S-EPMC4415526 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background Readmission after myocardial infarction ( MI ) is a publicly reported quality metric with hospital reimbursement linked to readmission rates. We describe the timing and pattern of readmission by cause within the first year after MI in consecutive patients, regardless of revascularization strategy, payer status, or age. Methods and Results We identified patients discharged after an MI from April 2008 to June 2012. Readmission within 12 months was the primary end point. Readmissions were classified into 4 groups: MI related, other cardiovascular, noncardiovascular, and planned. A total of 3069 patients were discharged after an MI (average age, 65±13 years; and 1941 [63%] men). A total of 655 patients (21.3%) were readmitted at least once (897 total readmissions). A total of 147 patients (4.8%) were readmitted ≥2 times, accounting for 389 readmissions (43%). The instantaneous risk of all-cause readmission was highest (15 readmissions/100 patients per month; 95% confidence interval, 12-19 readmissions/100 patients per month) immediately after discharge, decreased by almost half (8.1 readmissions/100 patients per month; 95% confidence interval, 7.2-9.0 readmissions/100 patients per month) within 15 days, and was substantially lower and relatively constant (1.4 readmissions/100 patients per month; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-1.6 readmissions/100 patients per month) out to 1 year. Cardiovascular causes of readmission were more common early after discharge. Conclusions Most patients with MI are never readmitted, whereas a small minority (≈5%) account for nearly half of 1-year readmissions. The readmission pattern after MI is characterized by an early peak (first 15 days) of cardiovascular readmissions, followed by a middle period (months 1-4) of noncardiovascular readmissions, and ending with a low-risk period (>4 months) during which the risk appears independent of cause.
| S-EPMC6404216 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Mortality rates in females who survived acute myocardial infarction (AMI) exceed those in males. Differences between sexes in age, cardiovascular risk factors and revascularization therapy have been proposed as possible reasons. OBJECTIVE:To select sets of female and male patients comparable in respect of relevant risk factors in order to compare the sex-specific risk in a systematic manner. METHODS:Data of the ISAR-RISK and ART studies were investigated. Patients were enrolled between 1996 and 2005 and suffered from AMI within 4 weeks prior to enrolment. Patients of each sex were selected with 1:1 equivalent age, previous AMI history, sinus-rhythm presence, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking status, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and revascularization therapy. Survival times were compared between sex groups in the whole study cohort and in the matched cohort. RESULTS:Of 3840 consecutive AMI survivors, 994 (25.9%) were females and 2846 (74.1%) were males. Females were older and suffered more frequently from hypertension and diabetes mellitus. In the whole cohort, females showed an increased mortality with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.54 compared to males (p<0.0001). The matched cohort comprised 802 patients of each sex and revealed a trend towards poorer survival in females (HR for female sex 1.14; p = 0.359). However, significant mortality differences with a higher risk in matched females was observed during the first year after AMI (HR = 1.61; p = 0.045) but not during the subsequent years. CONCLUSION:Matched sub-groups of post-AMI patients showed a comparable long-term mortality. However, a female excess mortality remained during first year after AMI and cannot be explained by differences in age, cardiovascular risk factors, and modes of acute treatment. Other causal factors, including clinical as well as psychological and social aspects, need to be considered. Female post-AMI patients should be followed more actively particularly during the first year after AMI.
| S-EPMC5650173 | biostudies-literature
Project description:There is limited information about the long-term survival of older patients after myocardial infarction (MI). CRUSADE (Can rapid risk stratification of unstable angina patients suppress adverse outcomes with early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines) was a registry of MI patients treated at 568 US hospitals from 2001 to 2006. We linked MI patients aged ≥65 years in CRUSADE to their Medicare data to ascertain long-term mortality (defined as 8 years post index event). Long-term unadjusted Kaplan-Meier mortality curves were examined among patients stratified by revascularization status. A landmark analysis conditioned on surviving the first year post-MI was conducted. We used multivariable Cox regression to compare mortality risks between ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients. Among 22 295 MI patients ≥ age 65 years (median age 77 years), we observed high rates of evidence-based medication use at discharge: aspirin 95%, β-blockers 94%, and statins 81%. Despite this, mortality rates were high: 24% at 1 year, 51% at 5 years, and 65% at 8 years. Eight-year mortality remained high among patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (49%), coronary artery bypass graft (46%), and among patients who survived the first year post-MI (59%). Median survival was 4.8 years (25th, 75th percentiles 1.1, 8.5); among patients aged 65-74 years it was 8.2 years (3.3, 8.9) while for patients aged ≥75 years it was 3.1 years (0.6, 7.6). Eight-year mortality was lower among ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction than non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients (53% versus 67%); this difference was not significant after adjustment (hazard ratio 0.94, 95% confidence interval, 0.88-1.00). Long-term mortality remains high among patients with MI in routine clinical practice, even among revascularized patients and those who survived the first year.
| S-EPMC6064921 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Although silent myocardial infarction (SMI) accounts for about one-half of the total number of myocardial infarctions (MIs), the risk of heart failure (HF) among patients with SMI is not well established. OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study was to examine the association of SMI and clinically manifested myocardial infarction (CMI) with HF, as compared with patients with no MI. METHODS:This analysis included 9,243 participants from the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) study who were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline (ARIC visit 1: 1987 to 1989). SMI was defined as electrocardiographic evidence of MI without CMI after the baseline until ARIC visit 4 (1996 to 1998). HF events were ascertained starting from ARIC visit 4 until 2010 in individuals free of HF before that visit. RESULTS:Between ARIC visits 1 and 4, 305 SMIs and 331 CMIs occurred. After ARIC visit 4 and during a median follow-up of 13.0 years, 976 HF events occurred. The incidence rate of HF was higher in both CMI and SMI participants than in those without MI (incidence rates per 1,000 person-years were 30.4, 16.2, and 7.8, respectively; p < 0.001). In a model adjusted for demographics and HF risk factors, both SMI (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02 to 1.78) and CMI (HR: 2.85; 95% CI: 2.31 to 3.51) were associated with increased risk of HF compared with no MI. These associations were consistent in subgroups of participants stratified by several HF risk predictors. However, the risk of HF associated with SMI was stronger in those younger than the median age (53 years) (HR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.00 to 2.75 vs. HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.85 to 1.66, respectively; overall interaction p by MI type <0.001). CONCLUSIONS:SMI is associated with an increased risk of HF. Future research is needed to examine the cost effectiveness of screening for SMI as part of HF risk assessment, and to identify preventive therapies to improve the risk of HF among patients with SMI.
| S-EPMC5757248 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSilent myocardial infarction (SMI) accounts for more than half of all MIs, and common risk factors and pathophysiological pathways coexist between SMI and frailty. The risk of frailty among patients with SMI is not well established. This study aimed to examine the association between SMI and frailty.Methods and resultsThis analysis included data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Patients without MI at baseline were eligible for inclusion. SMI was defined as electrocardiographic evidence of MI without clinical MI (CMI) after the baseline and until the fourth visit. Frailty was assessed during the fifth visit. A total of 4953 participants were included with an average age of 52.2±5.1 years. Among these participants, 2.7% (n=135) developed SMI, and 2.9% (n=146) developed CMI. After a median follow-up time of 14.7 (14.0-15.3) years, 6.7% (n=336) of the participants developed frailty. Patients with SMI and CMI were significantly more likely to become frail than those without MI (15.6% vs 6.2%, P<0.001 and 16.4% vs 6.2%, P<0.001, respectively). After adjusting for confounders, SMI and CMI were found to be independent predictors of frailty (odds ratio [OR]=2.243, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.307-3.850, P=0.003 and OR=2.164, 95% CI=1.259-3.721, P=0.005, respectively). The association was consistent among the subgroups of age, sex, race, diabetes, and hypertension.ConclusionIn conclusion, both SMI and CMI were found to be associated with a higher risk of frailty. Future studies are needed to confirm the beneficial effects of screening for SMI as well as to implement standardized preventive treatment to reduce the risk of frailty.Clinical trial registrationURL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT00005131.
| S-EPMC8219118 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Greater use of evidence-based therapies has improved outcomes for patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in recent decades. Consequently, more ACS patients are surviving beyond 12 months; however, limited data exist to guide treatment in these patients. Long-term outcomes have not improved in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients at the same rate seen in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients, possibly reflecting NSTEMI patients' more complex clinical phenotype, including older age, greater burden of comorbidities and higher likelihood of a previous myocardial infarction (MI). This complexity impacts clinical decision-making, particularly in high-risk NSTEMI patients, in whom risk-benefit assessments are problematical. This review examines the need for more effective long-term management of NSTEMI patients who survive ?12 months after MI. Ongoing risk assessment using objective measures of risk (for bleeding and ischemia) should be used in all post-MI patients. While 12 months appears to be the optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy for most patients, this may not be the case for high-risk patients, and more research is urgently needed in this population. A recent subgroup analysis from the DAPT study in patients with or without MI who had undergone coronary stenting (31 % presented with MI; 53 % had NSTEMI) and the prospective PEGASUS-TIMI 54 trial in patients with a prior MI and at least one other risk factor (40 % had NSTEMI) demonstrated that long-term dual antiplatelet therapy improved cardiovascular outcomes but increased bleeding. Further studies will help clarify the role of dual antiplatelet therapy in stable post-NSTEMI patients.
| S-EPMC4799793 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Gender difference studies in mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have shown inconsistent results. A total of 13,104 patients from the KAMIR-NIH between November 2011 and December 2015 were classified into young (n = 3837 [29.3%]) and elderly (n = 9267 [70.7%]) patients. For the study, women <65 and men <55 years of age were considered "young". In the adjusted model of the entire cohort, there was no significant difference in three-year all-cause mortality between women and men (17.8% vs. 10.3%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.953; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.799-1.137). However, when the entire cohort was subdivided into two age groups, young women showed an 84.3% higher mortality rate than young men (adjusted HR, 1.843; 95% CI, 1.098-3.095). Contrariwise, elderly women patients had a 20.4% lower hazard of mortality compared with elderly men (adjusted HR, 0.796; 95% CI, 0.682-0.929). The interaction of gender with age was significant, even after multiple adjustments (adjusted p for interaction = 0.003). The purpose of this study was to assess whether gender differences depend on the patients' age. Based on our analysis, higher mortality of young women remains even in the contemporary era of AMI. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these differences is warranted.
| S-EPMC8837133 | biostudies-literature