Intergenerational solidarity and the family-welfare state balance.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Daatland SO
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5546341 | biostudies-other | 2005 Sep
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
Similar Datasets
Project description:The aim of this study is to determine the likelihood and net amount of parent-child transfers over the adult life cycle across European welfare regimes. The study introduces an economic life-cycle model of family transfers to describe the evolution of family exchanges across generations over time, which reveals a nonlinear relationship of age and net family transfers. Furthermore, it refines the method of estimating parent-child net transfers. Data come from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, and include 36,095 parent-child dyads from 11 European countries representing social democratic, conservative, and traditional welfare-state regimes. The findings reveal net value of family intergenerational support follows a nonlinear pattern across the adult life cycle, with positive transfers from parents to adult children decreasing modestly until advanced old age when the decrease intensifies. Net family support benefits individuals and generations with larger relative need. The transition in the net family support pattern starts later and is less pronounced across social democratic welfare-regime countries while the opposite is true in traditional welfare-regime countries. These findings might be interpreted as being linked to differences in the public policies guaranteeing different levels of provision for dependent populations across different welfare regimes. They are consistent with a comparatively smaller role of family support in the intergenerational redistribution of resources in societies with larger public intergenerational support to dependent populations.
| S-EPMC5549198 | biostudies-other
Project description:This study investigates effects of welfare reform in the United States on the next generation. Most previous studies of effects of welfare reform on adolescents focused on high-school dropout of girls or fertility; little is known about how welfare reform has affected other teenage behaviors or boys. We use a difference-in-difference-in-differences framework to identify gender-specific effects of welfare reform on skipping school, fighting, damaging property, stealing, hurting others, smoking, alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs. Welfare reform led to increases in delinquent behaviors of boys as well as increases in substance use of boys and girls, with substantially larger effects for boys.
| S-EPMC8375608 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The relationship between class and intergenerational solidarities in the public and private spheres calls for further conceptual and theoretical development. This article discusses the findings from the first wave of a qualitative longitudinal study entitled Changing Generations, conducted in Ireland in 2011-2012, comprising 100 in-depth interviews with men and women across the age and socioeconomic spectrums. Constructivist grounded theory analysis of the data gives rise to the following postulates: (1) intergenerational solidarity at the family level is strongly contoured by socioeconomic status (SES); (2) intergenerational solidarity evolves as family generations observe each others' practices and adjust their expectations accordingly; (3) intergenerational solidarity within families is also shaped by the public sphere (the welfare state) that generates varying expectations and levels of solidarity regarding State supports for different age groups, again largely dependent on SES; (4) the liberal welfare state context, especially at a time of economic crisis, enhances the significance of intergenerational solidarity within families. We conclude by calling for research that is attuned to age/generation, gender and class, and how these operate across the family and societal levels.
| S-EPMC5549129 | biostudies-other
Project description:ImportanceIntergenerational welfare contact is a policy issue because of the personal and social costs of entrenched disadvantage; yet, few studies have quantified the burden associated with intergenerational welfare contact for health.ObjectiveTo examine the proportion of individuals who experienced intergenerational welfare contact and other welfare contact types and to estimate their cause-specific hospital burden.Design, setting, and participantsThis cohort study used a whole-of-population linked administrative dataset of individuals followed from birth to age 20 years using deidentified data from the Better Evidence Better Outcomes Linked Data platform (Australian Government Centrelink [welfare payments], birth registration, perinatal birth records, and inpatient hospitalizations). Participants included individuals born in South Australia from 1991 to 1995 and their parents. Analysis was undertaken from January 2020 to June 2022.ExposuresUsing Australian Government Centrelink data, welfare contact was defined as 1 or more parents receiving a means-tested welfare payment (low-income, unemployment, disability, or caring) when children were aged 11 to 15 years, or youth receiving payment at ages 16 to 20 years. Intergenerational welfare contact was defined as welfare contact occurring in both parent and offspring generations. Offspring were classified as: no welfare contact, parent-only welfare contact, offspring-only welfare contact, or intergenerational welfare contact.Main outcomes and measuresHospitalization rates and cumulative incidence were estimated by age, hospitalization cause, and welfare contact group.ResultsA total of 94 358 offspring (48 589 [51.5%] male) and 143 814 parents were included in analyses. The study population included 32 969 offspring (34.9%) who experienced intergenerational welfare contact. These individuals were more socioeconomically disadvantaged at birth and had the highest hospitalization rate (133.5 hospitalizations per 1000 person-years) compared with individuals with no welfare contact (46.1 hospitalizations per 1000 person-years), individuals with parent-only welfare contact (75.0 hospitalizations per 1000 person-years), and individuals with offspring-only welfare contact (87.6 hospitalizations per 1000 person-years). Hospitalizations were frequently related to injury, mental health, and pregnancy. For example, the proportion of individuals with intergenerational welfare contact who had experienced at least 1 hospitalization at ages 16 to 20 years was highest for injury (9.0% [95% CI, 8.7%-9.3%]).Conclusions and relevanceIn this population-based cohort study, individuals who experienced intergenerational welfare contact represented one-third of the population aged 11 to 20 years. Compared with individuals with parent-only welfare contact, individuals with intergenerational welfare contact were more disadvantaged at birth and had 78% higher hospitalization rates from age 11 to 20 years, accounting for more than half of all hospitalizations. Frequent hospitalization causes were injuries, mental health, and pregnancy. This study provides the policy-relevant estimate for what it could mean to break cycles of disadvantage for reducing hospital burden.
| S-EPMC9356314 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The global rise in obesity has revitalized a search to understand genetic, and in particular, epigenetic factors underlying the disease. We present a Drosophila model of paternal-diet-induced Inter-Generational Metabolic Reprogramming (IGMR) and identify genes required for its encoding in offspring. Intriguingly, we find that as little as two days of dietary intervention in fathers elicits obesity in offspring. Paternal sugar acts as a physiological suppressor of variegation, de-silencing chromatin state-defined transcriptional units in both mature sperm and in offspring embryos. We identify requirements for H3K9/K27me3 dependent reprogramming of metabolic genes in two distinct germline and zygotic windows. Critically, we find evidence that a similar system regulates obesity-susceptibility and phenotype variation in mice and humans. The findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying intergenerational metabolic reprogramming and carry profound implications for our understanding of phenotypic variation and evolution. RNA-seq on Drosophila embryos and sperm samples fed medium and high sugar.
2014-12-04 | E-GEOD-62668 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:This study examines intergenerational continuity (mean level similarity) and stability (maintenance of rank ordering of individuals) in age and marital status at the time of becoming a young parent using prospective data from 3 generations of 585 families. G2 participants were recruited at the age of 5 years and followed until the age of 28, by which time 227 had become parents themselves. The findings suggest that despite dramatic intergenerational discontinuities with young adults, on average, now being more likely to be unmarried and older at the time of becoming parents than in previous generations, intergenerational stability in age and marital status at the time of becoming a young parent is still substantial. This intergenerational stability was, for the most part, not moderated by demographic, familial, or behavioral factors, suggesting that a developmental, multigenerational perspective is necessary to understand what has previously been considered a largely demographic issue. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
| S-EPMC6449194 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Animal welfare is defined as a chronic state reflecting an individual's subjective perception of its situation. Because it is possible to be in a good welfare state and nevertheless experience acute fear or pain, and conversely, short-term positive emotions can be experienced during impaired welfare states, welfare as a chronic state has to be clearly distinguished from temporary states related to emotions, pain or stress. The evaluation of non-verbal individuals' welfare state, particularly in interspecific situations, is a real challenge that necessarily implies animal-based measures and requires multidisciplinary scientifically validated measures. In the last decade, studies investigating horses' welfare flourished together with new measures that were not always scientifically tested before being used. At a time were legal decisions are made on animal welfare, it is crucial to rely on reliable welfare indicators in order to prevent false evaluation. The aim of this review is to identify the scientifically tested and reliable indicators of horses' welfare (e.g., body lesions, apathy, aggressiveness, stereotypic behaviours) from signals of temporary states related to acute pain emotions or stress and from popular beliefs, in order to give the scientific community and the horse industry accurate evaluation tools.
| S-EPMC7070675 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The aim of this study was to examine the net balance of transfers between persons aged 50 and older and their family, taking into account both the exchange of money and the exchange of practical assistance (time). Toward this end, a unique net balance outcome measure was computed by costing the value of time transfers into wage equivalents. The study made use of data from the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), and focused upon intergenerational exchange in two specific countries: Germany and Israel. The descriptive findings show that-up to an age of about 80 years-the elderly are net providers of help. The outcome variable was next regressed on a set of relevant predictors identified in the literature on intergenerational transfers and support-among them, sociodemographic background, health, social policy, social network and motivation variables. Holding these variables constant, the balance pattern by age remains valid: respondents aged 50-79 in both settings contributed to their family more than they received. These trends in net transfer exchanges were largely similar across both countries and across regions or population groups within both countries. Women were more likely to have a positive net exchange balance and poorer health was associated with net receiving. However, differences also emerged: social capital was more clearly associated with a positive exchange balance in Israel, transfer motivations shaped transfer behaviors in Germany but not in Israel, and socioeconomic variables seemed to work in opposite directions in the two countries. In sum, the results underscore the generally positive contribution of older people to intergenerational exchange in the family. This outcome holds for both Germany and Israel despite their very different conditions of context.
| S-EPMC3532879 | biostudies-other
Project description:The global rise in obesity has revitalized a search to understand genetic, and in particular, epigenetic factors underlying the disease. We present a Drosophila model of paternal-diet-induced Inter-Generational Metabolic Reprogramming (IGMR) and identify genes required for its encoding in offspring. Intriguingly, we find that as little as two days of dietary intervention in fathers elicits obesity in offspring. Paternal sugar acts as a physiological suppressor of variegation, de-silencing chromatin state-defined transcriptional units in both mature sperm and in offspring embryos. We identify requirements for H3K9/K27me3 dependent reprogramming of metabolic genes in two distinct germline and zygotic windows. Critically, we find evidence that a similar system regulates obesity-susceptibility and phenotype variation in mice and humans. The findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying intergenerational metabolic reprogramming and carry profound implications for our understanding of phenotypic variation and evolution.
2014-12-04 | GSE62668 | GEO
Project description:We investigate the effect of an acute health shock on retirement among elderly male workers in Denmark, 1991-1999, and in particular whether various welfare state programs and institutions impinge on the retirement effect. The results show that an acute health event increases the retirement chances of elderly male workers by 8%, and that this increase in the baseline retirement probability is not affected by eligibility to early exit programs and persists even after accounting for selection due to take-up of disability pension. Neither is it affected by the relatively long duration of sickness benefits in Denmark nor by the promotion of corporate social responsibility initiatives since the mid-1990s. In the late 1990s, however, the retirement rate following a health shock is reduced to 3% with the introduction of the subsidized employment program (fleksjob) but this effect is on the margin of being significant. For the most part, the retirement effect following a health shock seems to be immune to the availability of a multitude of government programs for older workers in Denmark.
| S-EPMC5546283 | biostudies-other