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Full-time versus part-time employment: Does it influence frequency of grandparental childcare?

ABSTRACT: The impact of grandparents' employment on grandparental childcare has been examined repeatedly, but the findings have so far been inconsistent. We contend that these inconsistencies may have resulted from variations in model specification and crude measurement of employment status. Furthermore, we assert that earlier research overlooked gender differences in the ability to combine paid employment and caregiving as well as variations between maternal and paternal grandparents. We also question the causal interpretation of earlier findings that were based on cross-sectional data. We revisit the issue of the impact of the intensity of employment and analyze SHARE data from 19 countries. We find a significant positive association between part-time employment (as compared to full-time employment) and the frequency of grandparental childcare in a cross-sectional sample, but only among paternal grandmothers. Capitalizing on the panel component of SHARE, we use a within-person estimator to show that this association is unlikely to reflect a causal effect of the intensity of labor market attachment on the frequency of the care of grandchildren, but more probably results from omitted variable bias. We argue that grandparents most likely to provide (intensive) childcare are also most likely to adjust their employment in anticipation of caregiving. The paper documents the usefulness of role strain theory among grandparents and highlights that part-time jobs may reduce role conflict and may thus make grandparenting a more easily manageable experience.

SUBMITTER: Lakomy M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5549156 | biostudies-other | 2015 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Part-time versus full-time employment and mental health for people with and without disability.

Project description:ObjectivesThis paper investigates the relationship between part-time and full-time employment and mental health for people with and without disability, as well as differences in the relationship by age and sex.MethodsUsing data from 13,219 working-aged people (15-64 years) in the labour force who participated in five annual waves of a longitudinal cohort study in Australia, the analysis used fixed effect regression models to examine within-person changes in mental health associated with changes in employment status (full-time; part-time; unemployed). Differences in the relationship between employment status and mental health by disability, sex, and age were assessed.ResultsAmong people with disability, there was evidence that working part-time and full-time were associated with a 4.2-point (95% CI 2.6, 5.7) and 6.0-point (95% CI 4.4, 7.6) increase in mental health scores compared with when they were unemployed. For people without disability, there were much smaller differences in mental health associated with working part-time (β = 1.0, 95% CI 0.2, 1.9) and full-time (β = 1.4, 95% CI 0.5, 2.2) compared with when they were unemployed. The positive effects of both part-time and full-time employment were of greater magnitude for people with disability aged younger than 45 years compared to those aged 45 years and older.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that both part-time and full-time employment may have beneficial effects on the mental health of people with disability, particularly for younger people. The findings underscore the value of employment for people with disability, given we found much larger beneficial mental health effects in comparison to people without disability.

| S-EPMC10275711 | biostudies-literature

Part-time Versus Full-time Spectacles for Myopia Control (ParMA Study): A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Project description:Introduction To compare myopia progression in school-aged children of Caucasian origin wearing part-time vs. full-time full correction with single-vision spectacles. Methods This prospective, randomized controlled trial included 30 children with bilateral myopia, who received either full-time or part-time treatment with single-vision spectacle lenses. Myopia progression was assessed as the mean change in cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SE), mean change in axial length (AL), and mean change in sub-foveal choroidal thickness (SChT), over a 12-month follow-up period. Results A total of 32 eyes were treated with part-time single-vision spectacles (intervention group) and 28 eyes with full-time single-vision spectacles (control group), respectively. The part-time treated group reported no spectacle use during near-work activities for a mean of 6.2 hours/day. At the 12-month assessment, there was no significant difference between part-time and full-time correction groups in mean SE change (MD: -0.05 D, 95% CI: -0.50 - 0.39 D; P 0.81), in mean AL change (MD: -0.07 mm; 95% CI: -0.20 - 0.06 mm; P 0.30), and in mean SChT change (MD: -11.45 μm; 95% CI -22.60 - 14.16 μm; P 0.67). Conclusion Myopia progression in Caucasian children treated with part-time, single-vision spectacle use was not different compared to full-time, single-vision spectacle use, over a 12-month follow-up period.

| S-EPMC9202340 | biostudies-literature

The association between part-time and temporary employment and sickness absence: a prospective Swedish twin study.

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Professional characteristics and job satisfaction among SGIM members: a comparison of part-time and full-time physician members.

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| S-EPMC2517960 | biostudies-other

Multimorbidity and the Transition Out of Full-Time Paid Employment: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Health and Retirement Study.

Project description:ObjectivesThis study aims to examine whether older workers aged 50-64 years with multimorbidity are at increased risk to transition from full-time paid employment to part-time employment, partial retirement, unemployment, disability, economic inactivity, full retirement or die than workers without a chronic health condition and workers with one chronic health condition, and whether socioeconomic position (SEP) modifies these transitions.MethodUsing data from the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2014; n = 10,719), sub-distribution hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated with a time-varying Fine and Gray competing-risks survival regression model to examine exit from full-time paid employment. We investigated the modifying effect of SEP by examining its interaction with multimorbidity.ResultsWorkers with multimorbidity had a higher risk of transitioning to partial retirement (1.45; 1.22, 1.72), disability (1.84; 1.21, 2.78) and full retirement (1.63; 1.47, 1.81), and they had a higher mortality risk (2.58; 1.71, 3.88) than workers without chronic disorders. Compared to workers with one chronic health condition, workers with multimorbidity had an increased risk for partial (1.19; 1.02, 1.40) and full retirement (1.29; 1.17, 1.42), and mortality (1.49; 1.09, 2.04). Only SEP measured as educational level modified the relationship between multimorbidity and mortality.DiscussionWorkers with multimorbidity seem more prone to leave full-time paid employment than workers without or with one a chronic health condition. Personalized work accommodations may be necessary to help workers with multimorbidity prolong their working life.

| S-EPMC7768699 | biostudies-literature

Gender Norms and Gender Equality in Full-Time Employment and Health: A 97-Country Analysis of the World Values Survey.

Project description: Not available

| S-EPMC9234689 | biostudies-literature

Complex fractionated atrial electrograms: properties of time-domain versus frequency-domain methods.

Project description:BackgroundComplex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) are thought to identify high-frequency electrical sources and have become an important target for radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods used to identify CFAEs and locate suitable ablation sites usually depend on subjective analysis of the electrograms but may also involve objective, computer-based paradigms through either time- or frequency-domain approaches.MethodsWe generated a set of simulated test electrograms, which were defined by a combination of a basic cycle length, phase-resetting noise, and phase-preserving noise, accounting for far-field effects. The simulated electrograms were analyzed separately by well-known basic time-domain (complex fractionated electrogram [CFE]) and frequency-domain (dominant frequency [DF]) methods, and the results were compared with each other to determine objectively the potential reliability of either method to accurately estimate the cycle length of the atrial electrogram.ResultsThe behavior of the time-domain method depends on the assumed amplitude-sensitivity threshold and can be tuned to its optimal performance but only for signals having stable (and known a priori) amplitude. When the signal amplitude varies randomly (with +/-20% standard deviation range), the time-domain method loses performance. By contrast, the performance of the frequency-domain method remains stable.ConclusionDespite potentially good performance of time-domain methods to estimate the cycle length during AF and localize ablation sites, their performance is easily prone to degradation. The frequency-domain method seems to be much more robust.

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Local Childcare Availability and Dual-Earner Fertility: Variation in Childcare Coverage and Birth Hazards Over Place and Time.

Project description:The theoretically well-grounded hypothesis that the availability of formal childcare has a positive impact on childbearing in the developed world has been part of the population literature for a long time. Whereas the participation of women in the labour force created a tension between work and family life, the increasing availability of formal childcare in many developed countries is assumed to reconcile these two life domains due to lower opportunity costs and compatible mother and worker roles. However, previous empirical studies on the association between childcare availability and fertility exhibit ambiguous results and considerable variation in the methods applied. This study assesses the childcare-fertility hypothesis for Belgium, a consistently top-ranked country concerning formal childcare coverage that also exhibits considerable variation within the country. Using detailed longitudinal census and register data for the 2000s combined with childcare coverage rates for 588 municipalities and allowing for the endogenous nature of formal childcare and selective migration, our findings indicate clear and substantial positive effects of local formal childcare provision on birth hazards, especially when considering the transition to parenthood. In addition, this article quantifies the impact of local formal childcare availability on fertility at the aggregate level and shows that in the context of low and lowest-low fertility levels in the developed world, the continued extension of formal childcare services can be a fruitful tool to stimulate childbearing among dual-earner couples.

| S-EPMC6883015 | biostudies-literature

Association of Childcare Facility Closures With Employment Status of US Women vs Men During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Project description:This cross-sectional study assesses the association of closures of childcare facilities with the employment status of women and men with children in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic.

| S-EPMC8796877 | biostudies-literature

International differences in gradients in early childhood overweight and obesity: the role of maternal employment and formal childcare attendance.

Project description:BackgroundThere are significant cross-country differences in socio-economic gradients in later childhood and adulthood overweight/obesity; few studies assess whether this cross-national variation is evident from early childhood. Furthermore, the role of childcare in explaining overweight/obesity gradients might vary across countries, given differences in access, quality and heterogeneity within. Additionally, childcare is linked to parental characteristics such as maternal employment. The interplay between childcare and employment in producing early overweight/obesity gradients has received little attention, and might vary cross-nationally.MethodsUsing harmonized data from six high-quality, large datasets, we explore the variation in gradients in early overweight/obesity (at age 3-4 years old) by parental education across several high-income countries (USA, UK, France, the Netherlands, Germany and Japan). We then assess whether differential formal group care use attenuates some of these gradients, and whether this varies across maternal employment.ResultsGradients in early childhood overweight/obesity by parental education are evident across several developed countries. Countries with higher overall prevalence of early overweight/obesity did not have the largest inequalities across education groups. The contribution of formal group care to producing these gradients varied across countries and across maternal employment status.ConclusionEarly childhood inequalities in overweight/obesity are pervasive across developed countries, as noted for older children and adults. However, mechanisms producing these gradients vary across national contexts. Our study shows that, given the right context, quality childcare and maternal employment can successfully support healthy weight trajectories and not contribute (or even reduce) social inequalities in early overweight/obesity.

| S-EPMC10234662 | biostudies-literature

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