Changes of 5-hydroxytryptamine and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in the ventral horn of spinal cord.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Xu CX
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5552521 | biostudies-other | 2008 Feb
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Adult human ependymal and ventral horn regions were obtained from postmortem frozen samples by Laser Capture Microdissection. Briefly, Cryostat 25 micron sections from were stained with toluidin blue and both regions microdissected and collected on eppendorf (n=4 for each region). Samples mRNA concentration and purity was assessed by electrophoresis (BioRad Experion HighSensitivity kit, USA). RQI values were lower than 6,5 in every case, so that purification was followed by 2 cycle amplification with a kit designed for highly degraded samples (ExpressArt® TRinucleotide mRNA Amplification Kit; #6299-A15, AmpTec, AMSBIO, UK). After amplification, mRNA concentration and purity was assessed both by electrophoresis (BioRad Experion StSens kit, USA) and by spectrophotometry (Nanodrop, Thermo Scientific, USA). We amplified 3.7-37 ng of total RNA, obtaining between 6 and 21 µg of mRNA after 2 rounds. After collecting samples and studying the RNA integrity and quantity, cDNA of samples was selected for gene expression assays using 384 wells Custom Taqman Low Density Arrays. We built arrays with genes belonging to a profile of stemness or ependymoma (see Garcia-Ovejero et al., 2015, BRAIN). Taqman based qPCR gene expression profiling. Ependymal and ventral horn regions obtained by LCMD from four different individuals each were used to establish genes involved in stem cell niches or in ependymoma phenotype that are enriched in control human ependyma using ventral horn as a non-ependymary, non-neurogenic region. Samples were treated as stated in the summary. Equal amount of amplified RNA (aRNA; 25ng, corresponding approximately to 500ng total RNA) from each donor was used in Custom Designed Taqman Low Density Arrays. Every value is the resultant of duplicates at least, but most of them have been assayed 4 times.
2015-04-12 | E-GEOD-65463 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Adult human ependymal and ventral horn regions were obtained from postmortem frozen samples by Laser Capture Microdissection. Briefly, Cryostat 25 micron sections from were stained with toluidin blue and both regions microdissected and collected on eppendorf (n=4 for each region). Samples mRNA concentration and purity was assessed by electrophoresis (BioRad Experion HighSensitivity kit, USA). RQI values were lower than 6,5 in every case, so that purification was followed by 2 cycle amplification with a kit designed for highly degraded samples (ExpressArt® TRinucleotide mRNA Amplification Kit; #6299-A15, AmpTec, AMSBIO, UK). After amplification, mRNA concentration and purity was assessed both by electrophoresis (BioRad Experion StSens kit, USA) and by spectrophotometry (Nanodrop, Thermo Scientific, USA). We amplified 3.7-37 ng of total RNA, obtaining between 6 and 21 µg of mRNA after 2 rounds. After collecting samples and studying the RNA integrity and quantity, cDNA of samples was selected for gene expression assays using 384 wells Custom Taqman Low Density Arrays. We built arrays with genes belonging to a profile of stemness or ependymoma (see Garcia-Ovejero et al., 2015, BRAIN).
2015-04-12 | GSE65463 | GEO
Project description:In both acute and chronic pain conditions, women tend to be more sensitive than men. This sex difference may be regulated by estrogens, such as estradiol, that are synthesized in the spinal cord and brainstem and act locally to influence pain processing. To identify a potential cellular source of local estrogen, here we examined the expression of aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to estradiol. Our studies focused on primary afferent neurons and on their central targets in the spinal cord and medulla as well as in the nucleus of the solitary tract, the target of nodose ganglion-derived visceral afferents. Immunohistochemical staining in an aromatase reporter mouse revealed that many neurons in laminae I and V of the spinal cord dorsal horn and caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus and in the nucleus of the solitary tract express aromatase. The great majority of these cells also express inhibitory interneuron markers. We did not find sex differences in aromatase expression and neither the pattern nor the number of neurons changed in a sciatic nerve transection model of neuropathic pain or in the Complete Freund's adjuvant model of inflammatory pain. A few aromatase neurons express Fos after cheek injection of capsaicin, formalin, or chloroquine. In total, given their location, these aromatase neurons are poised to engage nociceptive circuits, whether it is through local estrogen synthesis or inhibitory neurotransmitter release.
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Project description:The organization of the mouse spinal dorsal horn has been delineated in 2D for the six Rexed laminae in our publication Atlas of the Spinal Cord: Mouse, Rat, Rhesus, Marmoset, and Human. In the present study, the tissue clearing technique CLARITY was used to observe the cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the mouse spinal cord in 3D, using a variety of immunohistochemical markers. We confirm prior observations regarding the location of glycine and serotonin immunoreactivities. Novel observations include the demonstration of numerous calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) perikarya, as well as CGRP fibers and terminals in all laminae of the dorsal horn. We also observed sparse choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity in small perikarya and fibers and terminals in all dorsal horn laminae, while gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate decarboxylase-67 (GAD67) immunoreactivities were found only in small perikarya and fibers. Finally, numerous serotonergic fibers were observed in all laminae of the dorsal horn. In conclusion, CLARITY confirmed the 2D immunohistochemical properties of the spinal cord. Furthermore, we observed novel anatomical characteristics of the spinal cord and demonstrated that CLARITY can be used on spinal cord tissue to examine many proteins of interest.
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Project description:Background and aimsSerotonin (5HT) is a neuroendocrine hormone synthetized in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH1) and monoamine oxidase (MAO-A) are the key enzymes for the synthesis and catabolism of 5HT, respectively. Previous studies demonstrated that 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (5HTR)1A/1B receptor agonists inhibit biliary hyperplasia in bile-duct ligated (BDL) rats, whereas 5HTR2B receptor antagonists attenuate liver fibrosis (LF) in mice. Our aim was to evaluate the role of 5HTR2A/2B/2C agonists/antagonists in cholestatic models.Approach and resultsWhile in vivo studies were performed in BDL rats and the multidrug resistance gene 2 knockout (Mdr2-/- ) mouse model of PSC, in vitro studies were performed in cell lines of cholangiocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). 5HTR2A/2B/2C and MAO-A/TPH1 are expressed in cholangiocytes and HSCs from BDL rats and Mdr2-/- - mice. Ductular reaction, LF, as well as the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes increased in normal, BDL rats, and Mdr2-/- - mice following treatment 5HTR2A/2B/2C agonists, but decreased when BDL rats and Mdr2-/- mice were treated with 5HTR2A/2B/2C antagonists compared to BDL rats and Mdr2-/- mice, respectively. 5HT levels increase in Mdr2-/- mice and in PSC human patients compared to their controls and decrease in serum of Mdr2-/- mice treated with 5HTR2A/2B/2C antagonists compared to untreated Mdr2-/- mice. In vitro, cell lines of murine cholangiocytes and human HSCs express 5HTR2A/2B/2C and MAO-A/TPH1; treatment of these cell lines with 5HTR2A/2B/2C antagonists or TPH1 inhibitor decreased 5HT levels as well as expression of fibrosis and inflammation genes compared to controls.ConclusionsModulation of the TPH1/MAO-A/5HT/5HTR2A/2B/2C axis may represent a therapeutic approach for management of cholangiopathies, including PSC.
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Project description:Astrocytes are important cellular centers of cholesterol synthesis and metabolism that help maintain normal physiological function at the organism level. Spinal cord injury results in aberrant cholesterol metabolism by astrocytes and excessive production of oxysterols, which have profound effects on neuropathology. 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), the main product of the membrane-associated enzyme cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), plays important roles in mediating neuroinflammation. However, whether the abnormal astrocyte cholesterol metabolism induced by spinal cord injury contributes to the production of 25-HC, as well as the resulting pathological effects, remain unclear. In the present study, spinal cord injury-induced activation of thrombin was found to increase astrocyte CH25H expression. A protease-activated receptor 1 inhibitor was able to attenuate this effect in vitro and in vivo. In cultured primary astrocytes, thrombin interacted with protease-activated receptor 1, mainly through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. Conditioned culture medium from astrocytes in which ch25h expression had been knocked down by siRNA reduced macrophage migration. Finally, injection of the protease activated receptor 1 inhibitor SCH79797 into rat neural sheaths following spinal cord injury reduced migration of microglia/macrophages to the injured site and largely restored motor function. Our results demonstrate a novel regulatory mechanism for thrombin-regulated cholesterol metabolism in astrocytes that could be used to develop anti-inflammatory drugs to treat patients with spinal cord injury.
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Project description:BackgroundMechanisms of neuropathic pain are still largely unknown. Molecular changes in spinal dorsal horn may contribute to the initiation and development of neuropathic pain. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified as microRNA sponges and involved in various biological processes, but whether their expression profile changes in neuropathic pain condition is not reported.MethodsTo test whether neuropathic pain influences circRNA expression, we developed a sciatic chronic constriction injury (CCI) model in rats. The CCI ipsilateral spinal dorsal horns of lumbar enlargement segments (L3-L5) were collected, and the total RNA was extracted and subjected to Arraystar Rat circRNA Microarray. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to confirm the circRNA expression profile. To estimate functions of differential circRNAs, bioinformatics analyses including gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway analyses were performed for the top 100 circRNAs and circRNA-microRNA networks were constructed for the top 10 circRNAs.ResultscircRNA microarrays showed that 469 circRNAs were differentially expressed between CCI and sham-operated rats (fold change ≥2). In all, 363 of them were significantly upregulated, and the other 106 were downregulated in the CCI group. Three of them (circRNA_013779, circRNA_008008, and circRNA_003724) overexpressed >10 times after CCI insult. Expression levels of eight circRNAs were verified using qPCR. GO analysis revealed that thousands of predicted target genes were involved in the biological processes, cellular component, and molecular function; in addition, dozens of these genes were enriched in the Hippo signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and so on. Competing endogenous RNAs analysis showed that circRNA_008008 and circRNA_013779 are the two largest nodes in the circRNA-microRNA interaction network of the top 10 circRNAs.ConclusionCCI resulted in a comprehensive expression profile of circRNAs in the spinal dorsal horn in rats. CircRNAs in the dorsal horn could be helpful to reveal molecular mechanisms of neuropathic pain.
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