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Self- and intra-morph incompatibility and selection analysis of an inconspicuous distylous herb growing on the Tibetan plateau (Primula tibetica).

ABSTRACT: There is discussion over whether pollen limitation exerts selection on floral traits to increase floral display or selects for traits that promote autonomous self-fertilization. Some studies have indicated that pollen limitation does not mediate selection on traits associated with either pollinator attraction or self-fertilization. Primula tibetica is an inconspicuous cross-fertilized plant that may suffer from pollen limitation. We conducted a selection analysis on P. tibetica to investigate whether pollen limitation results in selection for an increased floral display in case the evolution of autonomous self-fertilization has been difficult for this plant. The self- and intra-morph incompatibility features, the capacity for autonomous self-fertilization, and the magnitude of pollen limitation were examined through hand-pollination experiments. In 2016, we applied selection analysis on the flowering time, corolla width, stalk height, flower tube length, and flower number in P. tibetica by tagging 76 open-pollinated plants and 37 hand-pollinated plants in the field. Our results demonstrated that P. tibetica was strictly self- and intra-morph incompatible. Moreover, the study population underwent severe pollen limitation during the 2016 flowering season. The selection gradients were found to be significantly positive for flowering time, flower number, and corolla width, and marginally significant for the stalk height. Pollinator-mediated selection was found to be significant on the flower number and corolla width, and marginally significant on stalk height. Our results indicate that the increased floral display may be a vital strategy for small distylous species that have faced difficulty in evolving autonomous self-fertilization.

SUBMITTER: Jiang XF

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5552904 | biostudies-other | 2017 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:BackgroundPharmacokinetic interaction is one of the most important indices for the evaluation of the compatibility of herbal medicines. Both Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) and Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma) are commonly used traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). In this study, the influence of Gancao on the pharmacokinetics of Huanglian was systematically studied by using berberine as a pharmacokinetic marker.MethodsExtracts of the herbal pieces of Huanglian and the herb pair (Huanglian plus Gancao) were prepared with boiling water. The concentration of berberine in the samples was analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The total amounts of berberine in all extract samples were compared. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies of Huanglian and the herb pair were conducted in ICR mice. In vitro berberine absorption and efflux were studied using mice gut sacs. The equilibrium solubility of berberine in the extracts was determined. The in vitro dissolution of berberine was comparatively studied using a rotating basket method.ResultsGancao significantly reduced berberine exposure in the portal circulation (425.8 ng·h/mL vs. 270.4 ng·h/mL) and the liver (29,500.8 ng·h/mL vs. 15,422.4 ng·h/mL) of the mice. In addition, Gancao decreased the peak concentration (Cmax) of berberine in the portal circulation (104.3 ng·h/mL vs. 76.5 ng·h/mL) and liver (4926.1 ng·h/mL vs. 2642.8 ng·h/mL) of mice. Significant influences of Gancao on the amount of berberine extracted (32% reduction), the solubility of berberine (34.7% compared with the control group), and dissolution (88.7% vs. 66.1% at 15 min in acid buffer and 68% vs. 51.8% at 15 min in phosphate buffer) were also revealed. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies in ICR mice indicated that the formation of sediment was unfavorable in terms of berberine absorption (345.3 ng·h/mL vs. 119.8 ng·h/mL).ConclusionsGancao was able to reduce intestinal absorption and in vivo exposure of berberine in Huanglian via the formation of sediment, which caused reductions in the extracted amount, solubility, and dissolution of berberine.

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Self- and intra-morph incompatibility and selection analysis of an inconspicuous distylous herb growing on the Tibetan plateau (Primula tibetica).

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