Masculine norms about emotionality and social constraints in young and older adult men with cancer.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Darabos K
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5553069 | biostudies-other | 2017 Apr
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Research has indicated that individuals high in social comparison orientation (SCO) are more influenced by the behavior and perceived norms of others. However, despite research indicating that behavior is more closely influenced by and modeled on more socially proximal reference groups, most social comparison research to date has utilized global measures of social comparison. As such, research has not examined whether domain-specific (i.e. alcohol-specific social comparisons) and their relation with norms are more predictive of alcohol-related outcomes than global comparisons. As such, the present study aimed to determine whether the previously found relationships between global SCO, descriptive drinking norms and their interaction are still significant when accounting for alcohol-specific SCO and its interaction with descriptive norms in the prediction of drinking willingness and behavior. Results from 355 young adults age 18-20 indicated that the association of alcohol-specific SCO and its interaction with descriptive norms for drinking predicts alcohol-related outcomes (drinking willingness and alcohol consumption), but not alcohol-related negative consequences above and beyond global SCO. Thus, alcohol-specific SCO may be of particular importance when determining for whom normative based preventive interventions may be the most efficacious.
| S-EPMC6324992 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Social cognition is not routinely assessed in older adults. We report population-based normative data on the Social Norms Questionnaire (SNQ22) which asks individuals about the appropriateness of specific behaviors in hypothetical scenarios, errors being related either to breaking with norms or to over-adhering to perceived norms. Total SNQ scores represent the number of correct responses while subscale scores are error totals. METHODS:We administered the SNQ22 to 744 adults aged 65+ within a population-based study, and examined the distribution of scores by demographics, other cognitive measures, and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). RESULTS:Most participants performed well with few errors. Women and young-old individuals performed significantly better than men and older individuals on total score and over-adherence; women had fewer break-norms errors than men. No race or education effects were observed. Worse (higher) total scores and (lower) over-adherence errors were inversely associated with literacy, CDR, Mini-Mental State Examination, attention, memory, language, executive, and visuospatial domains. Break-norms errors were rare and not associated with any of the above. CONCLUSIONS:In population-based normative data on the SNQ22. age and sex influenced total score and over-adherence errors, which showed the expected associations with CDR and other cognitive domains. Social norms screening may be useful in the cognitive assessment of older adults.
| S-EPMC5951726 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSocial inequalities in health can to a substantial degree be explained by social causation. However, indirect selection by early life factors has been suggested. The main aim of this study was to estimate how much adult social gradients in selected psychiatric outcomes depended on parental and individual characteristics in early life.MethodsThe population comprised all males born in Norway 1967-71 (n?=?170?678). We compiled data on several social and biological variables from birth onwards from different national registers. Health outcomes were collected from the Cause of Death Register (suicide) and the Labour and Welfare Administration (psychiatric disability, psychiatric sickness absence). Indicator of socio-economic position was education level at the age of 28 years. Men were followed up between 4 and 9 years from the age of 29 years.ResultsCrude rates per 100?000 person-years were 21.8 (suicide), 145.7 (disability) and 1164.7 (sickness absence). Social inequalities were strong and consistent for all outcomes. Parental and individual characteristics accounted for a substantial part of the social inequalities in neurosis or personality disorder disability (44.1%) and a moderate role for inequalities in psychiatric sickness absence (25.6%), schizophrenia disability (20.7%) and suicide (17.4%). General ability at the age of 18 years had strongest influence on the social health gradients. Suicide and schizophrenia disability were associated with a combination of high parental and low own education level.ConclusionThis study indicates that indirect selection explains a substantial part of social inequalities in certain psychiatric outcomes and that early life prevention is important to reduce health gradients.
| S-EPMC2943509 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to examine the risk of bladder cancer according to the trajectory pattern of amount of smoking among Korean young adult men. METHODS:Smoking status was assessed with a standardized questionnaire in the Korean Life Course Health Study (KLCHS). Trajectory analyses were performed among young adult men using seven repeated surveys of cigarette per day (CPD) every two years from 1992 to 2005. The occurrence of bladder cancer was tracked from 2006 to 2016. The Cox proportional models were used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval) of smoking patterns on bladder cancer. RESULTS:The mean (standard deviation) age of the 161,069 participants was 34.0 (3.9) years, and 2,280,143 person-years (PY) were examined during the follow-up period of 14.2 (median 14.3) years. During this period, 263 new cases of bladder cancer occurred (11.5/100,000 PY). Among the six trajectory groups (low steady, lowering, rise and fall, high steady, rise and sharp fall, and very high steady), there was a higher risk of developing bladder cancer in the all the other groups compared to the low steady group. The highest risk group was the very high steady group, with HR 2.83 (95% CI 1.79-4.49). In addition, the risk of bladder cancer was 2.61 (95% CI 1.50-4.54) in the rise and sharp fall group. CONCLUSION:The risk of bladder cancer did not show much difference according to trajectories, except for low steady group. Thus quitting smoking should be the priority to lower the risk of bladder cancer in smokers.
| S-EPMC7458885 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Imageability and emotionality ratings for 2592 German nouns (3-10 letters, one to three phonological syllables) were obtained from younger adults (21-31 years) and older adults (70-86 years). Valid ratings were obtained on average from 20 younger and 23 older adults per word for imageability, and from 18 younger and 19 older adults per word for emotionality. The internal consistency (Cronbach's ?) and retest rank-order stability of the ratings were high for both age groups (? and r???.97). Also, the validity of our ratings was found to be high, as compared to previously published ratings (r???.86). The ratings showed substantial rank-order stability across younger and older adults (imageability, r?=?.94; emotionality, r?=?.85). At the same time, systematic differences between age groups were found in the mean levels of ratings (imageability, d?=?0.38; emotionality, d?=?0.20) and in the extent to which the rating scales were used (imageability, SD?=?24 vs. 19, scale of 0 to 100; emotionality, SD?=?26 vs. 31, scale of -100 to 100). At the descriptive level, our data hint at systematically different evaluations of semantic categories regarding imageability and emotionality across younger and older adults. Given that imageability and emotionality have been reported, for instance, as important determinants for the recognition and recall of words, our findings highlight the importance of considering age-specific information in age-comparative cognitive (neuroscience) experimental studies using word materials. The age-specific imageability and emotionality ratings for the 2592 German nouns can be found in the electronic supplementary material 1.
| S-EPMC7280351 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This paper explores reproductive decision-making among young women in South Africa's informal settlements and considers whether and how agency and social norm theory inform their decisions. Understanding whether, when and how young women make decisions about conception and motherhood is critical for supporting women to avoid unplanned, early motherhood. Qualitative data were collected from 15 young women in informal settlements in eThekwini, South Africa at three time points over 18 months, using in-depth interviews, participant observation and photovoice, and were analysed inductively. When the young women were teenagers and into their early twenties, and had not yet had a child, most paid little attention to whether or not they conceived. This shifted as they grew older and/or after having a first child, at which point many of the women began to express, and sometimes act upon, a greater desire to control whether and when they conceived and delay further pregnancies. At different times in their lives, both social norms and reproductive agency, specifically 'distributed agency' played significant roles in influencing their reproductive decision-making. Social norms held the most influence when they were teenagers and experiencing normative pressures to have a baby while young. As they grew older and/or had a first child they began to assert some agentic control around their reproduction. We therefore recommend that in order to improve the effectiveness of services and interventions supporting young women to delay unplanned pregnancies, programmers, researchers and policy makers must develop a better understanding of the role of social norms and agency at different stages of women's lives.
| S-EPMC7190118 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Interaction within mothers' social networks can theoretically diffuse messages from interventions and campaigns into norms and practices for infant and young child feeding (IYCF). OBJECTIVES:We hypothesized that mothers' social networks, diffusion of information, and social norms differed in intensive [intensive interpersonal counseling (IPC), community mobilization (CM), and mass media (MM)] compared with nonintensive (standard IPC and less-intensive CM and MM) intervention areas, were associated with IYCF practices, and partly explained practice improvement. METHODS:We conducted household surveys at endline in 2014 and follow-up in 2016 (n = ?2000 each round). We used multiple regression to test differences and changes in networks, diffusion, and norms within intervention areas. We analyzed paths from intervention exposure to IYCF practices through networks, diffusion, and norms. RESULTS:Mothers' networks were larger in intensive than in nonintensive areas in 2014 and increased in both areas over time [25-38 percentage points (pp)]. The prevalence of receipt of IYCF information was high, with no changes over time in intensive areas but an increase in nonintensive areas (8-16 pp). In both areas, more family members and health workers provided IYCF information over time. Sharing of information increased 17-23 pp in intensive and 11-41 pp in nonintensive areas over time. Perceived descriptive norms improved 8-16 pp in intensive and 17-28 pp in nonintensive areas. Perceived injunctive norms were high in both areas. Breastfeeding practices were associated with networks, diffusion, and norms (OR: 1.6-4.4 times larger comparing highest with lowest quartile). Minimum dietary diversity was associated with larger networks and diffusion (OR: 1.5-2.2) but not with social norms. Indirect paths from intervention exposure to practices explained 34-78% of total effects. CONCLUSIONS:Diffusion of IYCF information through social networks, reinforced by positive social norms for messages promoted over time, will contribute to positive changes in IYCF practices that may be achieved and sustained through large-scale social and behavior change interventions. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT0274084.
| S-EPMC6825823 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study examined the relationship between body height and dementia and explored the impact of intelligence level, educational attainment, early life environment and familial factors. A total of 666,333 men, 70,608 brothers, and 7388 twin brothers born 1939-1959 and examined at the conscript board were followed in Danish nationwide registers (1969-2016). Cox regression models were applied to analyze the association between body height and dementia. Within-brothers and within-twin pair analyses were conducted to explore the role of shared familial factors including partly shared genetics. In total, 10,599 men were diagnosed with dementia. The association between one z-score difference in body height and dementia (HR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.89;0.90) was inverse and weakened slightly after adjustment for intelligence test scores and educational level. The associations persisted in within-brother analysis and revealed a stronger, but less precise, point estimate than the cohort analysis of brothers. The twin analysis showed similar, but imprecise estimates.
| S-EPMC7012597 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Young adulthood, roughly ages 18-25, is a period of great risk for excessive consumption of alcohol, especially among sexual minority women (SMW). Despite the substantial literature examining the relationships between social norms and behavior in general, little attention has been given to the role of descriptive norms on the drinking behaviors of sexual minorities. The present study had 3 aims: to compare both typical woman descriptive norms and sexual minority-specific descriptive normative perceptions among a sample of SMW, to examine reciprocal associations between sexual minority-specific descriptive norms and alcohol consumption over time, and to examine whether these reciprocal associations were moderated by sexual orientation (i.e., whether 1 identifies as lesbian or bisexual). A national sample of 1,057 lesbian and bisexual women between the ages of 18 and 25 was enrolled in this study. Participants completed an online survey at 4 time points that assessed the constructs of interest. Results indicated that SMW consistently perceived that SMW drank more than their nonsexual minority peers; that SMW-specific descriptive drinking norms and alcohol consumption influenced 1 another over time in a reciprocal, feed-forward fashion; and that these associations were not moderated by sexual orientation. These findings highlight the importance of considering SMW-specific norms as an important factor in predicting alcohol consumption in SMW. Results further support the development and testing of normative interventions for high-risk drinking among SMW.
| S-EPMC4701630 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundYoung adult men who have sex with men (YMSM) are at increased risk for HIV, especially minority YMSM. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a breakthrough daily pill to prevent HIV. Consistent adherence is key to PrEP effectiveness, which is why the CDC recommends adherence support be provided to all PrEP patients. Mobile health can overcome barriers to the delivery of adherence support, particularly for YMSM who may be most in need of it due, at least in part, to their young age.MethodsWe created a culturally- and developmentally-sensitive PrEP adherence mobile app (called "Dot") that was tailored for culturally-diverse young adult MSM. After formative research and usability testing, we conducted a 6-week pre-post study to evaluate the impact of Dot on self-reported PrEP adherence, PrEP treatment self-efficacy, PrEP knowledge, and intention to practice safe sex among culturally-diverse YMSM, age 20-29.ResultsAt 6 weeks, there were significant improvements in PrEP adherence, PrEP self-efficacy, and intention to practice safe sex. PrEP knowledge scores did not significantly change.ConclusionsThe Dot app proved feasible and effective at improving PrEP adherence among culturally-diverse YMSM. Moreover, the app had a high-degree of user appeal, which is foundational to success of an mhealth intervention.
| S-EPMC8326962 | biostudies-literature