Buprenorphine Treatment and Patient Use of Health Services after the Affordable Care Act in an Integrated Health Care System.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Campbell CI
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5555852 | biostudies-other | 2017 Apr-Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:The Affordable Care Act aimed to increase use of preventive services by eliminating cost-sharing to consumers. However, patients may be unaware of this benefit or they may not seek preventive services if they anticipate that the cost of potential diagnostic or treatment services will be too high, both more likely among those in high deductible health plans. We used nationally representative private health insurance claims (100% sample of IBM® MarketScan®) for the United States from 2006 to 2018, restricting the data to enrollment and claims for non-elderly adults who were enrolled for the full plan year. The cross-sectional sample (185 million person-years) is used to describe trends in preventive service use and costs from 2008 through 2016. The cohort sample (9 million people) focuses on the elimination of cost-sharing for certain high-value preventive services in late 2010, requiring continuous enrollment across 2010 and 2011. We examine whether HDHP enrollment is associated with use of eligible preventive services using semi-parametric difference-in-differences to account for endogenous plan selection. Our preferred model implies that HDHP enrollment was associated with a reduction of the post-ACA change in any use of eligible preventive services by 0.2 percentage points or 12.5%. Cancer screenings were unaffected but HDHP enrollment was associated with smaller increases in wellness visits, immunizations, and screening for chronic conditions and sexually transmitted infections. We also find that the policy was ineffective at reducing out-of-pocket costs for the eligible preventive services, likely due to implementation issues.
| S-EPMC10278429 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to (1) decrease the number of uninsured Americans, (2) make health insurance and health care affordable, and (3) improve health outcomes and performance of the health care system. During the design of ACA, children in general and children and youth with special health care needs and disabilities (CYSHCN) were not a priority because before ACA, a higher proportion of children than adults had insurance coverage through private family plans, Medicaid, or the State Children's Health Insurance Programs (CHIP). ACA benefits CYSHCN through provisions designed to make health insurance coverage universal and continuous, affordable, and adequate. Among the limitations of ACA for CYSHCN are the exemption of plans that had been in existence before ACA, lack of national standards for insurance benefits, possible elimination or reductions in funding for CHIP, and limited experience with new delivery models for improving care while reducing costs. Advocacy efforts on behalf of CYSHCN must track implementation of ACA at the federal and the state levels. Systems and payment reforms must emphasize access and quality improvements for CYSHCN over cost savings. Developmental-behavioral pediatrics must be represented at the policy level and in the design of new delivery models to assure high quality and cost-effective care for CYSHCN.
| S-EPMC4387205 | biostudies-other
Project description:OBJECTIVE:To assess the adherence of women's health providers in New Mexico to the Women's Preventive Services Guidelines and to examine how providers' knowledge, attitudes, and external barriers are associated with adherence. DESIGN:Cross-sectional, descriptive survey. SETTING:New Mexico. PARTICIPANTS:Women's health providers in New Mexico, including nurse practitioners, certified nurse-midwives, and family practice and obstetrician-gynecologist physicians. METHODS:Participants completed a self-administered survey to measure knowledge, attitudes, external barriers, and adherence to each of the eight guidelines. Adherence was defined as following a guideline more than 90% of the time. RESULTS:The response rate was 22% (399/1,798). Among the eight guidelines, participant adherence ranged from 17.2% to 88.4%. Only 39.7% of participants indicated adherence to most of the guidelines (four or more). Overall, provider adherence was directly associated with familiarity with the guidelines (odds ratio = 3.69; 95% confidence interval [1.96, 6.96]), self-efficacy to implement them (odds ratio = 4.25; 95% confidence interval [2.21, 8.20]), and younger age (odds ratio = 0.97; 95% confidence interval [0.94, 1.00]). CONCLUSION:Adherence to the Women's Preventive Services Guidelines by providers in New Mexico is variable and, for many recommended practices, less than optimal. New targeted implementation strategies are needed to address barriers to adherence.
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Project description:ObjectiveDespite substantial evidence of the benefits of breastfeeding for both mothers and children, rates of sustained breastfeeding in the United States are quite low. This study examined whether mandated coverage of lactation support services under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) affects breastfeeding behavior.Data sourceWe studied the census of U.S. births included in the National Vital Statistics System from 2009 to 2014.Study designWe used regression-adjusted difference-in-differences (DD) to examine changes in breastfeeding rates for privately insured mothers relative to those covered by Medicaid. We adjusted for several health and sociodemographic measures. We also examined the extent to which the effect varied across vulnerable populations-by race/ethnicity, maternal education, WIC status, and mode of delivery.Principal findingsResults suggest that the ACA mandate increased the probability of breastfeeding initiation by 2.5 percentage points, which translates into about 47,000 more infants for whom breastfeeding was initiated in 2014. We find larger effects for black, less educated, and unmarried mothers.ConclusionsThe Affordable Care Act-mandated coverage of lactation services increased breastfeeding initiation among privately insured mothers relative to mothers covered by Medicaid. The magnitude of the effect size varied with some evidence of certain groups being more likely to increase breastfeeding rates.
| S-EPMC5682156 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceMedicaid expansion is associated with increased access to health services, increased quality of medical care delivered, and reduced mortality, but little is known about its association with use of long-term care.ObjectiveTo examine the association of Medicaid expansion under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) with long-term care use among newly eligible low-income adults and among older adults whose eligibility did not change.Design, setting, and participantsThis difference-in-difference cohort study used data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey of persons 50 years or older. Long-term care use from 2008 to 2012 was compared with use from 2014 to 2016 among low-income adults aged 50 to 64 years without Medicare coverage residing in states in which Medicaid coverage expanded in 2014 and those living in states without expansion. Low-income adults who were covered by Medicare and were ineligible for expanded Medicaid were also included in the analysis. Data were analyzed from January 15, 2018, to December 31, 2019.ExposuresResidence in a state with Medicaid expansion in 2014.Main outcomes and measuresAny home health care use or any nursing home use in 2014 or 2016. All estimates are weighted to account for the Health and Retirement Study sampling design.ResultsAmong the 891 individuals likely eligible for expanded Medicaid, the mean (SD) age was 55.2 (3.1) years; 534 (53.4%) were women, 482 (49.5%) were married, and 661 (45.9%) were White non-Hispanic. Before the ACA-funded Medicaid expansion, 0.4% (95% CI, -0.3% to 1.1%) in expansion states and 1.0% (95% CI, -0.1% to 2.2%) in nonexpansion states used nursing homes, and 1.9% (95% CI, 0.4%-3.4%) in expansion states and 7.1% (95% CI, 4.7%-9.5%) in nonexpansion states used any formal home care. The ACA-funded Medicaid expansion was associated with an increase of 4.4 percentage points (95% CI, 2.8-6.1 percentage points) in the probability of any long-term care use among low-income, middle-aged adults, with increases in home health use (3.8 percentage points; 95% CI, 2.0-5.6 percentage points) and in any nursing home use (2.1 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.9-3.3 percentage points).Conclusions and relevanceIn this study, ACA-funded Medicaid expansion was associated with an increase in any long-term care use among newly eligible low-income, middle-aged adults, suggesting that the population covered by the Medicaid expansion may have had unmet long-term care needs before expansion.
| S-EPMC7530637 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The United States has the largest socioeconomic disparities in health care access of any wealthy country. We assessed changes in these disparities in the United States under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). We used survey data for the period 2011-15 from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to assess trends in insurance coverage, having a personal doctor, and avoiding medical care due to cost. All analyses were stratified by household income, education level, employment status, and home ownership status. Health care access for people in lower socioeconomic strata improved in both states that did expand eligibility for Medicaid under the ACA and states that did not. However, gains were larger in expansion states. The absolute gap in insurance coverage between people in households with annual incomes below $25,000 and those in households with incomes above $75,000 fell from 31 percent to 17 percent (a relative reduction of 46 percent) in expansion states and from 36 percent to 28 percent in nonexpansion states (a 23 percent reduction). This serves as evidence that socioeconomic disparities in health care access narrowed significantly under the ACA.
| S-EPMC8087201 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceExpanding Medicaid eligibility could affect prescriptions of buprenorphine with naloxone, an established treatment for opioid use disorder, and opioid pain relievers (OPRs).ObjectiveTo examine changes in prescriptions of buprenorphine with naloxone and OPRs after the US Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion.Design, setting, and participantsIn this cohort study, longitudinal, patient-level, retail pharmacy claims were extracted from IQVIA real-world data from an anonymized, longitudinal, prescription database. The sample included 11.9 million individuals who filled 2 or more prescriptions for a prescription opioid during at least 1 year between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2015, from California, Maryland, and Washington (expansion states) and Florida and Georgia (nonexpansion states). Data analysis was conducted from August 1, 2017, to May 31, 2018. Data were aggregated to county-year observations (N = 2082) and linked to county-level covariates. For each outcome, a difference-in-differences regression model was estimated comparing changes before and after expansion in expansion vs nonexpansion counties. Models were adjusted for county demographics, uninsured rate, and overdose mortality in the baseline year (2010).ExposuresPresence of Medicaid expansion in the year.Main outcomes and measuresFor buprenorphine with naloxone and OPRs, rates per 100 000 county residents were calculated separately for any prescriptions overall and by different payment sources. Mean days of medication per county among people filling prescriptions for these agents were also determined.ResultsThe study sample included 11.9 million individuals (expansion states: 40.9% men; mean [SD] age, 44.1 [13.8] years; nonexpansion states: 41.0% men; mean [SD] age, 43.7 [13.7] years). In expansion counties, 68.8 individuals per 100 000 county residents filled buprenorphine with naloxone and 5298.3 filled OPR prescriptions in 2010. After expansion, buprenorphine with naloxone fills per 100 000 county residents increased significantly in expansion relative to nonexpansion counties (8.7; 95% CI, 1.7 to 15.7). Opioid pain reliever fills per 100 000 county residents did not significantly change in expansion counties relative to nonexpansion counties (327.4; 95% CI -202.5 to 857.4). The rate of OPRs per 100 000 county residents paid for by Medicaid significantly increased (374.0; 95% CI, 258.3 to 489.7). There were no significant changes in days per 100 000 county residents of either medication after expansion.Conclusions and relevanceMedicaid expansion significantly increased buprenorphine with naloxone prescriptions per 100 000 county residents in expansion counties, suggesting that expansion improved access to opioid use disorder treatment. Expansion did not significantly increase the overall rate per 100 000 county residents of OPR prescriptions, but increased the population with OPRs paid for by Medicaid. This finding therefore suggests the growing importance of Medicaid in pain management and addiction prevention.
| S-EPMC6324520 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionThe debate format has been infrequently used in resident education. We used the panel debate format as a tool to improve health care professionals' knowledge of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA).MethodsSix physical medicine and rehabilitation resident physician debaters led a 60-minute panel debate about the PPACA. Outcome measures included a survey of the spectators with validated questions on physician attitudes towards health care reform in the US and open-ended questions regarding Americans' views on the US health care system.ResultsTwenty-nine physician and nonphysician faculty and staff participated as spectators. Responses to the questions on attitudes toward reform of the health care system indicated that zero spectators rated the current US health care system (i.e., the PPACA) as "Excellent," 25% rated it as "Good," 42% "Average," 25% "Poor," and 8% "Failing." Half of the respondents indicated they support a US president who advocates making the US health care system more like those of other countries. The majority of respondents (89%) expressed the idea that the US does not have the best health care system in the world.DiscussionApproaching a topic as broad as health care reform with the debate format promoted knowledge, reflection, and interaction with both the opposing debaters and audience.
| S-EPMC6338139 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo predict changes in wage growth for health care workers based on projections of insurance enrollment from the Affordable Care Act (ACA).Data sourcesEnrollment data came from three large employers and a sampling of premiums from ehealthinsurance.com. Information on state Medicaid eligibility rules and costs were from the Kaiser Family Foundation. National predictions were based on the MEPS and Medicare Current Beneficiary surveys. Bureau of Labor Statistics data were used to estimate employment.Study designWe projected health insurance enrollment by plan type using a health plan choice model. Using claims data, we measured the services demanded for each plan choice and year. Projections of labor demand were based on current output/input ratios. Changes in wages resulting from changes in labor demand from 2014 to 2021 were based on labor supply and demand elasticities.Principal findingsExpenditures required to retain and grow the health care workforce will increase substantially. Wages will increase most for professions with the greatest training requirements (physicians and registered nurses). The largest impact will be felt in 2015.ConclusionsProjected wage increases for health care workers may drive substantial growth in insurance premiums and reduce the affordability of health insurance.
| S-EPMC5346488 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 156,300 (95% CI 144,100-165,900) Americans living with HIV in 2012 were unaware of their infection. To increase knowledge of HIV status, CDC guidelines seek to make HIV screening a routine part of medical care. This paper examines how routinely California primary care providers test for HIV and how providers' knowledge of California's streamlined testing requirements, use of sexual histories, and having an electronic medical record prompt for HIV testing, relate to test offers.MethodsWe surveyed all ten California health plans offered under health reform's Insurance Exchange (response rate = 50%) and 322 primary care providers to those plans (response rate = 19%) to assess use of HIV screening and risk assessments.ResultsOnly 31.7% of 60 responding providers reported offering HIV tests to all or most new enrollees and only 8.8% offered an HIV test of blood samples all or most of the time despite the California law requiring that providers offer HIV testing of blood samples in primary care settings. Twenty-eight of the 60 providers (46.6%) were unaware that California had reduced barriers to HIV screening by eliminating the requirement for written informed consent and pre-test counseling. HIV screening of new enrollees all or most of the time was reported by 53.1% of the well-informed providers, but only 7.1% of the less informed providers, a difference of 46 percentage points (95% CI: 21.0%-66.5%). Providers who routinely obtained sexual histories were 29 percentage points (95% CI: 0.2%-54.9%) more likely to screen for HIV all or most of the time than those who did not ask sexual histories.ConclusionChanging HIV screening requirements is important, but not sufficient to make HIV testing a routine part of medical care. Provider education to increase knowledge about the changed HIV testing requirements could positively impact testing rates.
| S-EPMC4587809 | biostudies-literature