Valproic acid reduces autophagy and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Hao HH
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5561937 | biostudies-other | 2013 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:In this study we examined the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis in diabetic rats after spinal cord injury (SCI), also we determined the role of autophagy in diabetes-aggravated neurological injury in vivo and in vitro. Our results showed that diabetes decreased the survival of neurons, promoted astrocytes proliferation, increased inflammatory cells infiltration and inhibited functional recovery after SCI. Diabetes was shown to confer increased activation of apoptotic pathways, along with an increase in autophagy; similar effects were also observed in vitro in neuronal PC12 cells. Treatment with rapamycin, an autophagy activator, partially abolished the adverse effect of diabetes, suggesting that diabetes may enhance neurological damage and suppress locomotor recovery after SCI, in addition to its effects on apoptosis and autophagy. In contrast, further stimulation of autophagy improved neurological function via inhibition of apoptosis. These results explained how diabetes exacerbates SCI in cellular level and suggested autophagy stimulation to be a new therapeutic strategy for diabetic SCI.
| S-EPMC4657088 | biostudies-other
Project description:Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that results in severe motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction. The L-/T-type calcium channel blocker nimodipine (NMD) exerts a protective effect on neuronal injury; however, the protective effects of long-term administration of NMD in subjects with SCI remain unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of long-term treatment with NMD on a clinically relevant SCI model. Female rats with SCI induced by 25 mm contusion were subcutaneously injected with vehicle or 10 mg/kg NMD daily for six consecutive weeks. We monitored the motor score, hind limb grip strength, pain-related behaviors, and bladder function in this study to assess the efficacy of NMD in rats with SCI. Rats treated with NMD showed improvements in locomotion, pain-related behaviors, and spasticity-like symptoms, but not in open-field spontaneous activity, hind limb grip strength or bladder function. SCI lesion areas and perilesional neuronal numbers, gliosis and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP+) fiber sprouting in the lumbar spinal cord and the expression of K+-Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2) on lumbar motor neurons were also observed to further explore the possible protective mechanisms of NMD. NMD-treated rats showed greater tissue preservation with reduced lesion areas and increased perilesional neuronal sparing. NMD-treated rats also showed improvements in gliosis, CGRP+ fiber sprouting in the lumbar spinal cord, and KCC2 expression in lumbar motor neurons. Together, these results indicate that long-term treatment with NMD improves functional recovery after SCI, which may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SCI.
| S-EPMC8477750 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:The prognosis of spinal cord injury (SCI) is closely related to secondary injury, which is dominated by neuroinflammation. There is evidence that ?-synuclein aggregates after SCI and that inhibition of ?-synuclein aggregation can improve the survival of neurons after SCI, but the mechanism is still unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effects of ?-synuclein on neuroinflammation after SCI and to determine the underlying mechanisms. METHOD:A T3 spinal cord contusion model was established in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. An SNCA-shRNA-carrying lentivirus (LV-SNCA-shRNA) was injected into the injury site to block the expression of ?-synuclein (forming the SCI+KD group), and the SCI and sham groups were injected with an empty vector. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) behavioural scores and footprint analysis were used to detect motor function. Inflammatory infiltration and myelin loss were measured in the spinal cord tissues of each group by haematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining, respectively. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and RT-qPCR were used to analyse protein expression and transcription levels in the tissues. Immunofluorescence was used to determine the morphology and function of glial cells and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the central canal of the spinal cord. Finally, peripheral serum cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS:Compared with the SCI group, the SCI+KD group exhibited reduced inflammatory infiltration, preserved myelin, and functional recovery. Specifically, the early arrest of ?-synuclein inhibited the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1?, TNF-?, and IL-2 and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-10, TGF-?, and IL-4. The neuroinflammatory response was regulated by reduced proliferation of Iba1+ microglia/macrophages and promotion of the shift of M1-polarized Iba1+/iNOS+ microglia/macrophages to M2-polarized Iba1+/Arg1+ microglia/macrophages after injury. In addition, compared with the SCI group, the SCI+KD group also exhibited a smaller microglia/astrocyte (Iba1/GFAP) immunostaining area in the central canal, lower MMP-9 expression, and improved cerebrospinal barrier function. CONCLUSION:Lentivirus-mediated downregulation of ?-synuclein reduces neuroinflammation, improves blood-cerebrospinal barrier function, promotes functional recovery, reduces microglial activation, and promotes the polarization of M1 microglia/macrophages to an M2 phenotype to confer a neuroprotective immune microenvironment in rats with SCI.
| S-EPMC6936070 | biostudies-literature
Project description:17β-estradiol (E2) has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in different central nervous system diseases. The mechanisms underlying estrogen neuroprotection in spinal cord injury (SCI) remain unclear. Previous studies have shown that autophagy plays a crucial role in the course of nerve injury. In this study, we showed that E2 treatment improved the restoration of locomotor function and decreased the loss of motor neurons in SCI rats. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis revealed that the protective function of E2 was related to the suppression of LC3II and beclin-1 expression. Immunohistochemical study further confirmed that the immunoreactivity of LC3 in the motor neurons was down-regulated when treated with E2. In vitro studies demonstrated similar results that E2 pretreatment decreased the autophagic activity induced by rapamycin (autophagy sensitizer) and increased viability in a PC12 cell model. These results indicated that the neuroprotective effects of E2 in SCI are partly related to the suppression of excessive autophagy.
| S-EPMC5563739 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in irreversible neurological impairment. After SCI, Ferritinophagy-induced free iron released from ferritin can lead to extensive lipid peroxidation and aggravate neurological damage. NRF2/HO-1 pathway is to endow cells with a protective effect against oxidative stress, and it plays an important role in the transcriptional activation of a series of antioxidant and detoxification genes. UAMC-3203 is a ferrostatin-1(Fer-1) analogue with better solubility and stability, which can more effectively inhibit ferroptosis after SCI. A rat SCI model was constructed, and the recovery of motor function was observed after treatment with UAMC-3203. ELISA was employed to assess the impact of UAMC-3203 on inflammation-related factors, while immunofluorescence was utilized to investigate the influence of UAMC-3203 on neuronal count as well as the activation of astrocytes and microglia/macrophages. Malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected to reflect the level of oxidation products. Western blot analysis was used to measure the level of ferroptosis markers and the expression of NRF2/HO-1. Our findings demonstrate that UAMC-3203 inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxides, preventing ferroptosis and reducing neuronal degeneration. Additionally, UAMC-3203 suppresses astrocyte proliferation and microglia/macrophage activation, as well as the release of ferroptosis-related inflammatory factors. These combined effects contribute to the preservation of spinal cord tissue and the facilitation of motor function recovery. UAMC-3203 maybe inhibit ferroptosis after SCI to promote functional recovery.
| S-EPMC11364804 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive neurological disorder that is characterized by impaired sensory and motor function. Inhibition of bromodomain protein 4 (Brd4) has been shown to promote the maintenance of cell homeostasis by activating autophagy. However, the role of Brd4 inhibition in SCI and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Thus, the goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of sustained Brd4 inhibition using the bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitor JQ1 on the regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress and autophagy in a mouse model of SCI. First, we observed that Brd4 expression at the lesion sites of mouse spinal cords increased after SCI. Treatment with JQ1 significantly decreased the expression of Brd4 and improved functional recovery for up to 28 day after SCI. In addition, JQ1-mediated inhibition of Brd4 reduced oxidative stress and inhibited the expression of apoptotic proteins to promote neural survival. Our results also revealed that JQ1 treatment activated autophagy and restored autophagic flux, while the positive effects of JQ1 were abrogated by autophagy inhibitor 3-MA intervention, indicating that autophagy plays a crucial role in therapeutic effects Brd4 induced by inhibition of the functional recovery SCI. In the mechanistic analysis, we observed that modulation of the AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 pathway is involved in the activation of autophagy mediated by Brd4 inhibition. Taken together, the results of our investigation provides compelling evidence that Brd4 inhibition by JQ1 promotes functional recovery after SCI and that Brd4 may serve as a potential target for SCI treatment.
| S-EPMC7493001 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Introduction: After spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs, the lesion is in a growth inhibitory microenvironment that severely hinders neural regeneration. In this microenvironment, inhibitory factors are predominant and factors that promote nerve regeneration are few. Improving neurotrophic factors in the microenvironment is the key to treating SCI. Methods: Based on cell sheet technology, we designed a bioactive material with a spinal cord‐like structure –SHED sheet induced with homogenate protein of spinal cord (hp–SHED sheet). Hp–SHED sheet was implanted into the spinal cord lesion for treating SCI rats with SHED suspensions as a control to investigate the effects on nerve regeneration. Results: Hp–SHED sheet revealed a highly porous three–dimensional inner structure, which facilitates nerve cell attachment and migration. Hp-SHED sheet in vivo restored sensory and motor functions in SCI rats by promoting nerve regeneration, axonal remyelination, and inhibiting glial scarring. Discussion: Hp–SHED sheet maximally mimics the microenvironment of the natural spinal cord and facilitate cell survival and differentiation. Hp–SHED sheet could release more neurotrophins and the sustained action of neurotrophins improves the pathological microenvironment, which effectively promotes nerve regeneration, axonal extension, and inhibits glial scarring, thereby promoting the in situ centralis neuroplasticity. Hp–SHED sheet therapy is a promising strategy for effective treatment of SCI based on neurotrophins delivery.
| S-EPMC10043224 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Inhibition of Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) can promote recovery following spinal cord injury. The ecto-domain of NgR can be phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA), which blocks activation of the receptor. Here, we found that infusion of PKA plus ATP into the damaged spinal cord can promote recovery of locomotor function. While significant elongation of cortical-spinal axons was not detectable even in the rats showing enhanced recovery, neuronal precursor cells were observed in the region where PKA plus ATP were directly applied. NgR1 was expressed in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPs) derived from the adult spinal cord. Both an NgR1 antagonist NEP1-40 and ecto-domain phosphorylation of NgR1 promote neuronal cell production of the NSPs, in vitro. Thus, inhibition of NgR1 in NSPs can promote neuronal cell production, which could contribute to the enhanced recovery of locomotor function following infusion of PKA and ATP.
| S-EPMC4021324 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Although spinal cord injury (SCI) is the main cause of disability worldwide, there is still no definite and effective treatment method for this condition. Our previous clinical trials confirmed that the increased excitability of the motor cortex was related to the functional prognosis of patients with SCI. However, it remains unclear which cell types in the motor cortex lead to the later functional recovery. Herein, we applied optogenetic technology to selectively activate glutamate neurons in the primary motor cortex and explore whether activation of glutamate neurons in the primary motor cortex can promote functional recovery after SCI in rats and the preliminary neural mechanisms involved. Our results showed that the activation of glutamate neurons in the motor cortex could significantly improve the motor function scores in rats, effectively shorten the incubation period of motor evoked potentials and increase motor potentials' amplitude. In addition, hematoxylin-eosin staining and nerve fiber staining at the injured site showed that accurate activation of the primary motor cortex could effectively promote tissue recovery and neurofilament growth (GAP-43, NF) at the injured site of the spinal cord, while the content of some growth-related proteins (BDNF, NGF) at the injured site increased. These results suggested that selective activation of glutamate neurons in the primary motor cortex can promote functional recovery after SCI and may be of great significance for understanding the neural cell mechanism underlying functional recovery induced by motor cortex stimulation.
| S-EPMC8062867 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Promoting residential cells, particularly endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs), for tissue regeneration represents a potential strategy for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, adult NSPCs differentiate mainly into glial cells and contribute to glial scar formation at the site of injury. Gsx1 is known to regulate the generation of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons during embryonic development of the spinal cord. Here we show that lentivirus-mediated expression of Gsx1 increases the number of NSPCs in a mouse model of lateral hemisection SCI during the acute stage. Subsequently, Gsx1 expression increases the generation of glutamatergic and cholinergic interneurons and decreases the generation of GABAergic interneurons in the chronic stage of SCI. Importantly, Gsx1 reduces reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, promotes 5-HT neuronal activity, and improves the locomotor function of the injured mice. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis reveals that Gsx1-induced transcriptome regulation correlates with NSPC signaling, NSPC activation, neuronal differentiation, and inhibition of astrogliosis and scar formation. Collectively, our study provides molecular insights for Gsx1-mediated functional recovery and identifies Gsx1 gene regulation as a potential application for injuries in the spinal cord and possibly other parts of the central nervous system.
2021-05-01 | GSE171441 | GEO