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Interleukin-10 Deficiency Impairs Reparative Properties of Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cell Exosomes.

ABSTRACT: Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-based therapy has immense potential to promote cardiac neovascularization and attenuate ischemic injury. Functional benefits of EPCs and other adult stem cell therapies largely involve paracrine mechanisms and exosomes secreted by stem cells are emerging as pivotal paracrine entity of stem/progenitor cells. However, modest outcomes after EPC-/stem cell-based clinical trials suggest that stem cell/exosome function might be modulated by stimuli they encounter in ischemic tissues, including systemic inflammation. We hypothesized that EPCs under inflammatory stress might produce exosomes of altered and dysfunctional content, which may compromise EPC repair in ischemic heart disease. We have previously shown that EPCs obtained from interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10KO) mice (model mimicking systemic inflammation) display impaired angiogenic functions. Whether IL-10KO-EPC-derived exosomes inherit their parental dysfunctional phenotype and whether inflammatory environment alters the cargo of their secreted exosomes are not known. After cell expansion from IL-10KO and wild-type (WT) mice, we isolated exosomes and compared their functions in terms of effect on cell survival, proliferation, migration, and angiogenic capacity in vitro. WT-EPC-Exo treatment enhanced endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation, and inhibited apoptosis, whereas IL-10KO-Exo exhibited impaired or even detrimental effects, suggesting that the reparative capacity of WT-EPC-Exo is lost in exosomes derived from IL-10-KO-EPCs. Deep RNA sequencing and proteomic analyses to compare WT and IL-10KO-Exo revealed drastically altered exosome cargo. Importantly, IL-10KO-EPC-Exo were highly enriched in microRNAs and proteins that promote inflammation and apoptosis and inhibit angiogenesis. Through modulation of a specific enriched miRNA (miR-375), we partially rescued IL-10KO-EPC-Exo dysfunction. Thus, our study revealed that EPC exosomes display impaired function under inflammatory stimulus through changed exosome contents, and the dysfunction can be rescued by modulation of a specific target packed in exosomes.

SUBMITTER: Yue Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5689125 | biostudies-other | 2017 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Interleukin-10 Deficiency Impairs Reparative Properties of Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cell Exosomes.

Yue Yujia Y Garikipati Venkata Naga Srikanth VNS Verma Suresh Kumar SK Goukassian David A DA Kishore Raj R

Tissue engineering. Part A 20170615 21-22

Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-based therapy has immense potential to promote cardiac neovascularization and attenuate ischemic injury. Functional benefits of EPCs and other adult stem cell therapies largely involve paracrine mechanisms and exosomes secreted by stem cells are emerging as pivotal paracrine entity of stem/progenitor cells. However, modest outcomes after EPC-/stem cell-based clinical trials suggest that stem cell/exosome function might be modulated by stimuli they encounter in i ...[more]

PMID: 28471299

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Project description:RationaleEndothelial progenitor cell (EPC) survival and function in the injured myocardium is adversely influenced by hostile microenvironment such as ischemia, hypoxia, and inflammatory response, thereby compromising full benefits of EPC-mediated myocardial repair.ObjectiveWe hypothesized that interleukin-10 (IL-10) modulates EPC biology leading to enhanced survival and function after transplantation in the ischemic myocardium.Methods and resultsMyocardial infarction (MI)-induced mobilization of bone marrow EPC (Sca-1+Flk1+cells) into the circulation was significantly impaired in IL-10 knockout (KO) mice. Bone marrow transplantation to replace IL-10 KO marrow with wild-type (WT) marrow attenuated these effects. Impaired mobilization was associated with lower stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1 expression levels in the myocardium of KO mice. Interestingly, SDF-1 administration reversed mobilization defect in KO mice. In vitro, hypoxia-mediated increases in CXCR4 expression and cell survival were lower in IL-10-deficient EPCs. Furthermore, SDF-1-induced migration of WT EPCs was inhibited by AMD3100, an inhibitor of CXCR4. To further study the effect of IL-10 on in vivo EPC survival and engraftment into vascular structures, GFP-labeled EPC were injected intramyocardially after induction of MI, and the mice were treated with either saline or recombinant IL-10. The IL-10-treated group showed increased retention of transplanted EPCs in the myocardium and was associated with significantly reduced EPC apoptosis after MI. Interestingly, increased EPC retention and their association with the vascular structures was observed in IL-10-treated mice. Increased EPC survival and angiogenesis in the myocardium of IL-10-treated mice corroborated with improved left ventricular function, reduced infarct size, and fibrosis in the myocardium. In vitro, IL-10-induced increase in VEGF expression in WT EPC was abrogated by STAT3 inhibitor, suggesting IL-10 signals through STAT3 activation.ConclusionsTaken together, our studies demonstrate that MI-induced EPC mobilization was impaired in IL-10 KO mice and that IL-10 increases EPC survival and function possibly through activation of STAT3/VEGF signaling cascades, leading to attenuation of MI-induced left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling.

Project description:Rationale: Systemic inflammation compromises the reparative properties of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) and their exosomes on myocardial repair, although the underlying mechanism of loss of function of exosomes from inflamed EPCs is still obscure. Objective: To determine the mechanisms of IL-10 (interleukin-10) deficient-EPC-derived exosome dysfunction in myocardial repair and to investigate if modification of specific exosome cargo can rescue reparative activity. Methods and Results: Using IL-10 knockout mice mimicking systemic inflammation condition, we compared therapeutic effect and protein cargo of exosomes isolated from wild-type EPC and IL-10 knockout EPC. In a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI), wild-type EPC-derived exosome treatment significantly improved left ventricle cardiac function, inhibited cell apoptosis, reduced MI scar size, and promoted post-MI neovascularization, whereas IL-10 knockout EPC-derived exosome treatment showed diminished and opposite effects. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed wild-type EPC-derived exosome and IL-10 knockout EPC-derived exosome contain different protein expression pattern. Among differentially expressed proteins, ILK (integrin-linked kinase) was highly enriched in both IL-10 knockout EPC-derived exosome as well as TNFα (tumor necrosis factor-α)-treated mouse cardiac endothelial cell-derived exosomes (TNFα inflamed mouse cardiac endothelial cell-derived exosome). ILK-enriched exosomes activated NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) pathway and NF-κB-dependent gene transcription in recipient endothelial cells and this effect was partly attenuated through ILK knockdown in exosomes. Intriguingly, ILK knockdown in IL-10 knockout EPC-derived exosome significantly rescued their reparative dysfunction in myocardial repair, improved left ventricle cardiac function, reduced MI scar size, and enhanced post-MI neovascularization in MI mouse model. Conclusions: IL-10 deficiency/inflammation alters EPC-derived exosome function, content and therapeutic effect on myocardial repair by upregulating ILK enrichment in exosomes, and ILK-mediated activation of NF-κB pathway in recipient cells, whereas ILK knockdown in exosomes attenuates NF-κB activation and reduces inflammatory response. Our study provides new understanding of how inflammation may alter stem cell-exosome-mediated cardiac repair and identifies ILK as a target kinase for improving progenitor cell exosome-based cardiac therapies.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Activated fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) play a critical role in cardiac fibrosis; however, their origin in the diseased heart remains unclear, warranting further investigation. Recent studies suggest the contribution of bone marrow fibroblast progenitor cells (BM-FPCs) in pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis. We have previously shown that interleukin-10 (IL10) suppresses pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis; however, the role of IL10 in inhibition of BM-FPC-mediated cardiac fibrosis is not known. We hypothesized that IL10 inhibits pressure overload-induced homing of BM-FPCs to the heart and their transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts and thus attenuates cardiac fibrosis. METHODS:Pressure overload was induced in wild-type (WT) and IL10 knockout (IL10KO) mice by transverse aortic constriction. To determine the bone marrow origin, chimeric mice were created with enhanced green fluorescent protein WT mice marrow to the IL10KO mice. For mechanistic studies, FPCs were isolated from mouse bone marrow. RESULTS:Pressure overload enhanced BM-FPC mobilization and homing in IL10KO mice compared with WT mice. Furthermore, WT bone marrow (from enhanced green fluorescent protein mice) transplantation in bone marrow-depleted IL10KO mice (IL10KO chimeric mice) reduced transverse aortic constriction-induced BM-FPC mobilization compared with IL10KO mice. Green fluorescent protein costaining with ?-smooth muscle actin or collagen 1? in left ventricular tissue sections of IL10KO chimeric mice suggests that myofibroblasts were derived from bone marrow after transverse aortic constriction. Finally, WT bone marrow transplantation in IL10KO mice inhibited transverse aortic constriction-induced cardiac fibrosis and improved heart function. At the molecular level, IL10 treatment significantly inhibited transforming growth factor-?-induced transdifferentiation and fibrotic signaling in WT BM-FPCs in vitro. Furthermore, fibrosis-associated microRNA (miRNA) expression was highly upregulated in IL10KO-FPCs compared with WT-FPCs. Polymerase chain reaction-based selective miRNA analysis revealed that transforming growth factor-?-induced enhanced expression of fibrosis-associated miRNAs (miRNA-21, -145, and -208) was significantly inhibited by IL10. Restoration of miRNA-21 levels suppressed the IL10 effects on transforming growth factor-?-induced fibrotic signaling in BM-FPCs. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings suggest that IL10 inhibits BM-FPC homing and transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts in pressure-overloaded myocardium. Mechanistically, we show for the first time that IL10 suppresses Smad-miRNA-21-mediated activation of BM-FPCs and thus modulates cardiac fibrosis.

Project description:BackgroundPeriodontitis is characterized by progressive inflammation and alveolar bone loss resulting in tooth loss finally. Macrophages including pro-inflammatory M1-like macrophages and reparative M2-like macrophages play a vital role in inflammation and tissue homeostasis in periodontitis. Among them, reparative M2-like macrophages have been shown to promote tissue repair and prevent bone loss. However, the mechanism of reparative M2 macrophages-induced osteoprotective effect remains elusive.ResultsExosomes from reparative M2-like macrophages (M2-Exos) were isolated and identified successfully. M2-Exos could promote bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) osteogenic differentiation while suppressing bone marrow derived macrophage (BMDM) osteoclast formation, and prohibit pathological alveolar bone resorption because of the intercellular communication via exosomes. High expression level of IL-10 mRNA was detected not only in reparative M2-like macrophages but also in M2-Exos. Meanwhile, IL-10 expression level in BMSCs or BMDM was also upregulated significantly after co-culturing with M2-Exos in a concentration-dependent manner. In vitro, recombinant IL-10 proteins had the ability to selectively promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and hinder osteoclast differentiation of BMDM. Moreover, after treatment with M2-Exos and IL-10R antibody together, the capacity of promoting osteogenesis and suppressing osteoclastogenesis of M2-Exos was significantly reversed. In vivo experiments further showed that M2-Exos reduced alveolar bone resorption in mice with periodontitis via IL-10/IL-10R pathway.ConclusionIn conclusion, our results demonstrate that the reparative M2-like macrophages could promote osteogenesis while inhibiting osteoclastogenesis in vitro as well as protect alveolar bone against resorption in vivo significantly. M2-Exos could upregulate the IL-10 cytokines expression of BMSCs and BMDM via delivering exosomal IL-10 mRNA to cells directly, leading to activation of the cellular IL-10/IL-10R pathway to regulate cells differentiation and bone metabolism. These results might partly account for the mechanism of osteoprotective effect of reparative M2-like macrophages and provide a novel perspective and a potential therapeutic approach on improving alveolar resorption by M2-Exos.

Dataset Information

Interleukin-10 Deficiency Impairs Reparative Properties of Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cell Exosomes.

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Interleukin-10 Deficiency Impairs Reparative Properties of Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cell Exosomes.

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