Dataset Information

Aging Gut Microbiota at the Cross-Road between Nutrition, Physical Frailty, and Sarcopenia: Is There a Gut-Muscle Axis?

ABSTRACT: Inadequate nutrition and physical inactivity are the mainstays of primary sarcopenia-physiopathology in older individuals. Gut microbiota composition is strongly dependent on both of these elements, and conversely, can also influence the host physiology by modulating systemic inflammation, anabolism, insulin sensitivity, and energy production. The bacterial metabolism of nutrients theoretically influences skeletal muscle cell functionality through producing mediators that drive all of these systemic effects. In this study, we review the scientific literature supporting the concept of the involvement of gut microbiota in primary sarcopenia physiopathology. First, we examine studies associating fecal microbiota alterations with physical frailty, i.e., the loss of muscle performance and normal muscle mass. Then, we consider studies exploring the effects of exercise on gut microbiota composition. Finally, we examine studies demonstrating the possible effects of mediators produced by gut microbiota on skeletal muscle, and intervention studies considering the effects of prebiotic or probiotic administration on muscle function. Even if there is no evidence of a distinct gut microbiota composition in older sarcopenic patients, we conclude that the literature supports the possible presence of a "gut-muscle axis", whereby gut microbiota may act as the mediator of the effects of nutrition on muscle cells.

SUBMITTER: Ticinesi A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5748753 | biostudies-other | 2017 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Aging Gut Microbiota at the Cross-Road between Nutrition, Physical Frailty, and Sarcopenia: Is There a Gut-Muscle Axis?

Ticinesi Andrea A Lauretani Fulvio F Milani Christian C Nouvenne Antonio A Tana Claudio C Del Rio Daniele D Maggio Marcello M Ventura Marco M Meschi Tiziana T

Nutrients 20171130 12

Inadequate nutrition and physical inactivity are the mainstays of primary sarcopenia-physiopathology in older individuals. Gut microbiota composition is strongly dependent on both of these elements, and conversely, can also influence the host physiology by modulating systemic inflammation, anabolism, insulin sensitivity, and energy production. The bacterial metabolism of nutrients theoretically influences skeletal muscle cell functionality through producing mediators that drive all of these syst ...[more]

PMID: 29189738

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Project description:Although the numbers of aged populations have risen considerably in the last few decades, the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has revealed an extensive vulnerability among these populations. Sarcopenia is an age-related disorder that increases hospitalization, dependencies, and mortality in older adults. It starts to develop in midlife or even earlier as a result of unbalanced diet/poor nutrition and low levels of physical activity, in addition to chronic disorders such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. Given that social isolation is adopted as the most protective measure against COVID-19, the level of physical activity and the intake of adequate diet have considerably declined, especially among older adults-denoting an increased possibility for developing sarcopenia. Research also shows a higher vulnerability of sarcopenic people to COVID-19 as well as the development of wasting disorders such as sarcopenia and cachexia in a considerable proportion of symptomatic and recovering COVID-19 patients. Muscular wasting in COVID-19 is associated with poor prognosis. Accordingly, early detection and proper management of sarcopenia and wasting conditions in older adults and COVID-19 patients may minimize morbidity and mortality during the current COVID-19 crisis. This review explored different aspects of screening for sarcopenia, stressing their relevance to the detection of altered muscular structure and performance in patients with COVID-19. Current guidelines recommend prior evaluation of muscle strength by simple measures such as grip strength to identify individuals with proven weakness who then would be screened for muscle mass loss. The latter is best measured by MRI and CT. However, due to the high cost and radiation risk entailed by these techniques, other simpler and cheaper techniques such as DXA and ultrasound are given preference. Muscle loss in COVID-19 patients was measured during the acute phase by CT scanning of the pectoralis muscle simultaneously during a routine check for lung fibrosis, which seems to be an efficient evaluation of sarcopenia among those patients with no additional cost. In recovering patients, muscle strength and physical performance have been evaluated by electromyography and traditional tests such as the six-minute walk test. Effective preventive and therapeutic interventions are necessary in order to prevent muscle loss and associated physical decline in COVID-19 patients.

Project description:BackgroundSarcopenia is commonly observed in patients with cardiovascular diseases. However, studies on the association between sarcopenia and atrial fibrillation and their causal relationships are limited. We performed cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses to investigate the association between sarcopenia and atrial fibrillation among community-dwelling older adults.MethodsA total of 2225 participants from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study (KFACS) from 2016 to 2017 were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus. Atrial fibrillation was diagnosed on the basis of electrocardiographic findings. We investigated whether atrial fibrillation increased the risk of incident sarcopenia 2 years later and whether sarcopenia, in turn, increased the 2-year risk of developing atrial fibrillation using KFACS data from 2018 to 2019.ResultsOf the 2225 participants (54.2% women; mean age 76.0 ± 3.9 years), 509 (22.9%) had sarcopenia at baseline. In the cross-sectional analysis, sarcopenia was associated with atrial fibrillation after multivariate adjustment [odd ratio (OR), 2.127; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.240-3.648; P = 0.006]. Among the sarcopenia components, low physical performance was associated with atrial fibrillation (OR, 1.872; 95% CI, 1.123-3.120; P = 0.016). During the 2-year follow-up period, atrial fibrillation was not associated with new-onset of sarcopenia (OR, 1.483; 95% CI, 0.597-3.685; P = 0.396), and sarcopenia also did not significantly increase the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (OR, 1.120; 95% CI, 0.384-3.264; P = 0.836).ConclusionsAlthough we found a significant association between sarcopenia and atrial fibrillation in a cross-sectional analysis, we could not establish a causal relationship between the two based on 2 years of follow-up. Further research with long-term follow-up is required to identify causal relationship between atrial fibrillation and sarcopenia.

Project description:BackgroundGut microbiota dysbiosis and sarcopenia commonly occur in the elderly. Although the concept of the gut-muscle axis has been raised, the casual relationship is still unclear. This systematic review analyses the current evidence of gut microbiota effects on muscle/sarcopenia.MethodsA systematic review was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library databases using the keywords (microbiota* OR microbiome*) AND (sarcopen* OR muscle). Studies reporting the alterations of gut microbiota and muscle/physical performance were analysed.ResultsA total of 26 pre-clinical and 10 clinical studies were included. For animal studies, three revealed age-related changes and relationships between gut microbiota and muscle. Three studies focused on muscle characteristics of germ-free mice. Seventy-five per cent of eight faecal microbiota transplantation studies showed that the recipient mice successfully replicated the muscle phenotype of donors. There were positive effects on muscle from seven probiotics, two prebiotics, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Ten studies investigated on other dietary supplements, antibiotics, exercise, and food withdrawal that affected both muscle and gut microbiota. Twelve studies explored the potential mechanisms of the gut-muscle axis. For clinical studies, 6 studies recruited 676 elderly people (72.8 ± 5.6 years, 57.8% female), while 4 studies focused on 244 young adults (29.7 ± 7.8 years, 55.4% female). The associations of gut microbiota and muscle had been shown in four observational studies. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fermented milk, caloric restriction, and exercise in six studies displayed inconsistent effects on muscle mass, function, and gut microbiota.ConclusionsAltering the gut microbiota through bacteria depletion, faecal transplantation, and various supplements was shown to directly affect muscle phenotypes. Probiotics, prebiotics, SCFAs, and bacterial products are potential novel therapies to enhance muscle mass and physical performance. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains restored age-related muscle loss. Potential mechanisms of microbiome modulating muscle mainly include protein, energy, lipid, and glucose metabolism, inflammation level, neuromuscular junction, and mitochondrial function. The role of the gut microbiota in the development of muscle loss during aging is a crucial area that requires further studies for translation to patients.

Dataset Information

Aging Gut Microbiota at the Cross-Road between Nutrition, Physical Frailty, and Sarcopenia: Is There a Gut-Muscle Axis?

Publications

Aging Gut Microbiota at the Cross-Road between Nutrition, Physical Frailty, and Sarcopenia: Is There a Gut-Muscle Axis?

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