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A mechanism-based pharmacokinetic model of fenofibrate for explaining increased drug absorption after food consumption.

ABSTRACT: Oral administration of drugs is convenient and shows good compliance but it can be affected by many factors in the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Consumption of food is one of the major factors affecting the GI system and consequently the absorption of drugs. The aim of this study was to develop a mechanistic GI absorption model for explaining the effect of food on fenofibrate pharmacokinetics (PK), focusing on the food type and calorie content.Clinical data from a fenofibrate PK study involving three different conditions (fasting, standard meals and high-fat meals) were used. The model was developed by nonlinear mixed effect modeling method. Both linear and nonlinear effects were evaluated to explain the impact of food intake on drug absorption. Similarly, to explain changes in gastric emptying time for the drug due to food effects was evaluated.The gastric emptying rate increased by 61.7% during the first 6.94 h after food consumption. Increased calories in the duodenum increased the absorption rate constant of the drug in fed conditions (standard meal?=?16.5%, high-fat meal?=?21.8%) compared with fasted condition. The final model displayed good prediction power and precision.A mechanistic GI absorption model for quantitatively evaluating the effects of food on fenofibrate absorption was successfully developed, and acceptable parameters were obtained. The mechanism-based PK model of fenofibrate can quantify the effects of food on drug absorption by food type and calorie content.

SUBMITTER: Back HM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5785874 | biostudies-other | 2018 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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A mechanism-based pharmacokinetic model of fenofibrate for explaining increased drug absorption after food consumption.

Back Hyun-Moon HM Song Byungjeong B Pradhan Sudeep S Chae Jung-Woo JW Han Nayoung N Kang Wonku W Chang Min Jung MJ Zheng Jiao J Kwon Kwang-Il KI Karlsson Mats O MO Yun Hwi-Yeol HY

BMC pharmacology & toxicology 20180125 1

<h4>Background</h4>Oral administration of drugs is convenient and shows good compliance but it can be affected by many factors in the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Consumption of food is one of the major factors affecting the GI system and consequently the absorption of drugs. The aim of this study was to develop a mechanistic GI absorption model for explaining the effect of food on fenofibrate pharmacokinetics (PK), focusing on the food type and calorie content.<h4>Methods</h4>Clinical data fro ...[more]

PMID: 29370865

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Project description:BackgroundAn agent-based modeling approach has been suggested as an alternative to traditional, equation-based modeling methods for describing oral drug absorption. It enables researchers to gain a better understanding of the pharmacokinetic (PK) mechanisms of a drug. This project demonstrates that a biomimetic agent-based model can adequately describe the absorption and disposition kinetics both of midazolam and clonazepam.MethodsAn agent-based biomimetic model, in silico drug absorption tract (ISDAT), was built to mimic oral drug absorption in humans. The model consisted of distinct spaces, membranes, and metabolic enzymes, and it was altogether representative of human physiology relating to oral drug absorption. Simulated experiments were run with the model, and the results were compared to the referent data from clinical equivalence trials. Acceptable similarity was verified by pre-specified criteria, which included 1) qualitative visual matching between the clinical and simulated concentration-time profiles, 2) quantitative similarity indices, namely, weighted root mean squared error (RMSE), and weighted mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and 3) descriptive similarity which requires less than 25% difference between key PK parameters calculated by the clinical and the simulated concentration-time profiles. The model and its parameters were iteratively refined until all similarity criteria were met. Furthermore, simulated PK experiments were conducted to predict bioavailability (F). For better visualization, a graphical user interface for the model was developed and a video is available in Supporting Information.ResultsSimulation results satisfied all three levels of similarity criteria for both drugs. The weighted RMSE was 0.51 and 0.92, and the weighted MAPE was 5.99% and 8.43% for midazolam and clonazepam, respectively. Calculated PK parameter values, including area under the curve (AUC), peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (Tmax), terminal elimination rate constant (Kel), terminal elimination half life (T1/2), apparent oral clearance (CL/F), and apparent volume of distribution (V/F), were reasonable compared to the referent values. The predicted absolute oral bioavailability (F) was 44% for midazolam (literature reported value, 31-72%) and 93% (literature reported value, ? 90%) for clonazepam.ConclusionThe ISDAT met all the pre-specified similarity criteria for both midazolam and clonazepam, and demonstrated its ability to describe absorption kinetics of both drugs. Therefore, the validated ISDAT can be a promising platform for further research into the use of similar in silico models for drug absorption kinetics.

Project description:Although combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) suppresses plasma HIV viremia below the limit of detection in a majority of HIV patients, evidence is emerging that the distribution of the anti-retroviral drugs is heterogeneous in tissue. Clinical studies measuring antiretroviral drug concentrations in lymph nodes (LNs) revealed lower concentrations compared to peripheral blood levels suggesting poor drug penetration properties. Our current study is an attempt to understand this poor anti-retroviral drug penetration inside lymph node lobules through integrating known pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters of the anti-retroviral drugs into a spatial model of reaction and transport dynamics within a solid lymph node lobule. Simulated drug penetration values were compared against experimental results whenever available or matched with data that is available for other drugs in a similar class. Our integrated spatial dynamics pharmacokinetic model reproduced the experimentally observed exclusion of antivirals from lymphoid sites. The strongest predictor of drug exclusion from the lymphoid lobule, independent of drug class, was lobule size; large lobules (high inflammation) exhibited high levels of drug exclusion. PK/PD characteristics associated with poor lymphoid penetration include high cellular uptake rates and low intracellular half-lives. To determine whether this exclusion might lead to ongoing replication, target CD4+ T cell, infected CD4+ T cell, free virus, and intracellular IC50 values of anti-retroviral drugs were incorporated into the model. Notably, for median estimates of PK/PD parameters and lobule diameters consistent with low to moderate inflammation, the model predicts no ongoing viral replication, despite substantial exclusion of the drugs from the lymphoid site. Monte-Carlo studies drawn from the prior distributions of the PK/PD parameters predicts increases in site-specific HIV replication in a small fraction of the patient population for lobule diameters greater than 0.2 mm; this fraction increases as the site diameter/ inflammation level increases. The model shows that cART consisting of two nRTIs and one PI is the most likely treatment combination to support formation of a sanctuary site, a finding that is consistent with clinical observations.

Dataset Information

A mechanism-based pharmacokinetic model of fenofibrate for explaining increased drug absorption after food consumption.

Publications

A mechanism-based pharmacokinetic model of fenofibrate for explaining increased drug absorption after food consumption.

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