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Sex-specific impact of aging on the blood pressure response to exercise.

ABSTRACT: An exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response to exercise has been linked to cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the impact of age and sex on this response. Therefore, this study examined the hemodynamic and skeletal muscle metabolic response to dynamic plantar flexion exercise, at 40% of maximum plantar flexion work rate, in 40 physical activity-matched young (23 ± 1 yr, n = 20) and old (73 ± 2 yr, n = 20), equally distributed, male and female subjects. Central hemodynamics and BP (finometer), popliteal artery blood flow (Doppler ultrasound), and skeletal muscle metabolism (31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy) were measured during 5 min of plantar flexion exercise. Popliteal artery blood flow and high-energy phosphate responses to exercise were not affected by age or sex, whereas aging, independent of sex, attenuated stroke volume and cardiac output responses. Systolic BP and mean arterial pressure responses were exaggerated in old women (?42 ± 4 and ?28 ± 3 mmHg, respectively), with all other groups exhibiting similar increases in systolic BP (old men: ?27 ± 8 mmHg, young men: ?27 ± 3 mmHg, and young women: ?22 ± 3 mmHg) and mean arterial pressure (old men: ?15 ± 4 mmHg, young men: ?19 ± 2 mmHg, and young women: ?17 ± 2 mmHg). Interestingly, the exercise-induced change in systemic vascular resistance in old women (?0.8 ± 1.0 mmHg·l-1·min-1) was augmented compared with young women and young and old men (?-2.8 ± 0.5, ?-1.6 ± 0.6, and ?-3.18 ± 1.4 mmHg·l-1·min-1, respectively, P < 0.05). Thus, in combination, advancing age and female sex results in an exaggerated BP response to exercise, likely the result of a failure to reduce systemic vascular resistance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY An exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise has been linked to cardiovascular disease; however, little is known about how age and sex impact this response in healthy individuals. During dynamic exercise, older women exhibited an exaggerated blood pressure response driven by an inability to lower systemic vascular resistance.

SUBMITTER: Trinity JD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5866392 | biostudies-other | 2018 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Sex-specific impact of aging on the blood pressure response to exercise.

Trinity Joel D JD Layec Gwenael G Hart Corey R CR Richardson Russell S RS

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 20171013 1

An exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response to exercise has been linked to cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the impact of age and sex on this response. Therefore, this study examined the hemodynamic and skeletal muscle metabolic response to dynamic plantar flexion exercise, at 40% of maximum plantar flexion work rate, in 40 physical activity-matched young (23 ± 1 yr, n = 20) and old (73 ± 2 yr, n = 20), equally distributed, male and female subjects. Central hemodynamics and BP ( ...[more]

PMID: 29030342

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Project description:The molecular mechanisms underlying the sex differences in human muscle morphology and function remain to be elucidated. The sex differences in the skeletal muscle transcriptome in both the resting state and following anabolic stimuli, such as resistance exercise (RE), might provide insight to the contributors of sexual dimorphism of muscle phenotypes. We used microarrays to profile the transcriptome of the biceps brachii of young men and women who underwent an acute unilateral RE session following 12 weeks of progressive training. Bilateral muscle biopsies were obtained either at an early (4 h post-exercise) or late recovery (24 h post-exercise) time point. Muscle transcription profiles were compared in the resting state between men (n = 6) and women (n = 8), and in response to acute RE in trained exercised vs. untrained non-exercised control muscle for each sex and time point separately (4 h post-exercise, n = 3 males, n = 4 females; 24 h post-exercise, n = 3 males, n = 4 females). A logistic regression-based method (LRpath), following Bayesian moderated t-statistic (IMBT), was used to test gene functional groups and biological pathways enriched with differentially expressed genes.This investigation identified extensive sex differences present in the muscle transcriptome at baseline and following acute RE. In the resting state, female muscle had a greater transcript abundance of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and gene transcription/translation processes. After strenuous RE at the same relative intensity, the time course of the transcriptional modulation was sex-dependent. Males experienced prolonged changes while females exhibited a rapid restoration. Most of the biological processes involved in the RE-induced transcriptional regulation were observed in both males and females, but sex specificity was suggested for several signaling pathways including activation of notch signaling and TGF-beta signaling in females. Sex differences in skeletal muscle transcriptional regulation might implicate a mechanism behind disproportional muscle growth in males as compared with female counterparts after RE training at the same relative intensity.Sex differences exist in skeletal muscle gene transcription both at rest and following acute RE, suggesting that sex is a significant modifier of the transcriptional regulation in skeletal muscle. The findings from the present study provide insight into the molecular mechanisms for sex differences in muscle phenotypes and for muscle transcriptional regulation associated with training adaptations to resistance exercise.

Project description:Objective: High systolic blood pressure (HSBP) remains the leading risk factor for mortality worldwide; however, limited data have revealed all-cause and cause-specific burdens attributed to HSBP at global and regional levels. This study aimed to estimate the global burden and priority diseases attributable to HSBP by region, sex, and age. Methods: Based on data and evaluation methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, we estimated trends of age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), the age-standardized rate of disability-adjusted life years (ASDRs), and the age-standardized rate of years lived with disability (ASYRs) attributable to HSBP during 1990-2019. Further, we analyzed cause-specific burdens attributable to HSBP by sex, age, year, and region. Results: Globally, a significant downtrend was found in the ASMR attributed to HSBP while ASYRs did not change substantially during 1990-2019. The majority of HSBP burden has shifted from high-middle sociodemographic index (SDI) regions to lower SDI regions. All-cause and most cause-specific burdens related to HSBP were improved in high SDI regions but the downtrends have stagnated in recent years. Although many cause-specific deaths associated with HSBP declined, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and endocarditis associated deaths were aggravated globally and ischemic heart disease (IHD), atrial fibrillation and flutter, aortic aneurysm (AA), and peripheral artery disease (PAD) associated deaths were on the rise in low/low-middle/middle SDI regions. Additionally, males had higher disease burdens than females. Middle-aged people with CVDs composed the major subgroup affected by HSBP while older people had the highest ASMRs associated with HSBP. Conclusions: This study revealed the global burden and priority diseases attributable to HSBP with wide variation by region, sex, and age, calling for effective and targeted strategies to reduce the prevalence and mortality of HSBP, especially in low/low-middle/middle SDI regions.

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Sex-specific impact of aging on the blood pressure response to exercise.

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Sex-specific impact of aging on the blood pressure response to exercise.

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