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Gut microbiota and IBD: causation or correlation?

ABSTRACT: A general consensus exists that IBD is associated with compositional and metabolic changes in the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis). However, a direct causal relationship between dysbiosis and IBD has not been definitively established in humans. Findings from animal models have revealed diverse and context-specific roles of the gut microbiota in health and disease, ranging from protective to pro-inflammatory actions. Moreover, evidence from these experimental models suggest that although gut bacteria often drive immune activation, chronic inflammation in turn shapes the gut microbiota and contributes to dysbiosis. The purpose of this Review is to summarize current associations between IBD and dysbiosis, describe the role of the gut microbiota in the context of specific animal models of colitis, and discuss the potential role of microbiota-focused interventions in the treatment of human IBD. Ultimately, more studies will be needed to define host-microbial relationships relevant to human disease and amenable to therapeutic interventions.

SUBMITTER: Ni J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5880536 | biostudies-other | 2017 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Gut microbiota and IBD: causation or correlation?

Ni Josephine J Wu Gary D GD Albenberg Lindsey L Tomov Vesselin T VT

Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology 20170719 10

A general consensus exists that IBD is associated with compositional and metabolic changes in the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis). However, a direct causal relationship between dysbiosis and IBD has not been definitively established in humans. Findings from animal models have revealed diverse and context-specific roles of the gut microbiota in health and disease, ranging from protective to pro-inflammatory actions. Moreover, evidence from these experimental models suggest that although gut bac ...[more]

PMID: 28743984

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Project description:BackgroundWhile an association between gut microbiota composition and thyroid cancer (TC) has been observed, the directionality and causality of this relationship remain unclear.MethodsWe conducted a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal effect between gut microbiota composition and TC. Gut microbiota data were derived from a diverse population encompassing various ethnicities (n = 18,340 samples), while TC data were sourced from an European population (n = 218,792 samples). Instrumental variables, represented by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), were employed to assess the causal relationship using multiple MR methods, including inverse-variance weighting (IVW), weighted median, weighted mode, MR-Egger, and simple mode. F-statistics and sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of the findings.ResultsOur investigation identified a comprehensive set of 2934 instrumental variables significantly linked to gut microbiota composition (p < 1 × 10-5). The analysis illuminated notable candidates within the phylum Euryarchaeota, including families Christensenellaceae and Victivallaceae, and genera Methanobrevibacter, Ruminococcus2, and Subdoligranulum, which emerged as potential risk factors for TC. On the other hand, a protective influence against TC was attributed to class Betaproteobacteria, family FamilyXI, and genera Anaerofilum, Odoribacter, and Sutterella, alongside order Burkholderiales. Further enhancing our insights, the integration of 7 instrumental variables from TC data (p < 1 × 10-5) disclosed the regulatory potential of one family and five genera. Notably, the genus Coprobacter innocuum group (p = 0.012, OR = 0.944) exhibited the highest probability of regulation. Our meticulous analyses remained free from significant bias, heterogeneity, or horizontal pleiotropy concerns.ConclusionThrough a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization approach, we elucidated a potential bidirectional causal relationship between gut microbiota composition and TC. Specific microbial taxa were associated with an increased risk or conferred protection against TC. These findings advance our understanding of the complex interplay between the gut microbiota and TC pathogenesis, offering new insights into the therapeutic potential of modulating the gut microbiota for managing TC.

Project description:In recent years, many studies have shown that the gut microbiota can affect the occurrence and development of a variety of human diseases. A variety of skin diseases are related to the regulation of the gut-skin axis, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and acne. Gut microbial dysbiosis can promote the development of these diseases. The gut microbiota can affect estrogen metabolism, β-glucuronidase secreted by the gut microbiota can promote the reabsorption of estrogen by the gut, and estrogen is transported to other parts of the body through the circulatory system. The occurrence and development of melasma are closely related to abnormal metabolism of estrogen. The relationship between the structure of the gut microbiota and melasma remains unclear. Epidemiological surveys were conducted in patients with melasma and healthy subjects (control group) in this study. The feces were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of the gut microbiota. To compare the similarities and differences in species diversity of the gut microbiota between these two groups, we calculated the α-diversity and β-diversity indices and analyzed the differences between them. We found that the abundance of Collinsella spp., Actinomyces spp. (belonging to Actinobacteria), Parabacteroides spp., Bacteroides spp., Paraprevotella spp. (belonging to Bacteroidetes), Blautia spp., and Roseburia spp. (belonging to Firmicutes) in the melasma group were significantly different compared with that in the healthy group. The largest difference was found in Actinobacteria (p < 0.05), and there were also significant differences in the abundance of Coriobacteriia, Actinobacteria, Coriobacteriales, Coriobacteriaceae, and Collinsella spp. between the two groups (all p < 0.05). Many of these differences in the microbiota were closely related to the production of β-glucuronidase and the regulation of estrogen synthesis or metabolism. Changes in the gut microbiota structure and the biological effects of Collinsella spp. in the microbiota in patients with melasma can play an important role in the occurrence and development of melasma by affecting the body's estrogen metabolism. This study provides a theoretical basis and experimental data reference for future studies on the relationship between the gut microbiota and melasma, and may be helpful for the prevention and treatment of melasma.

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Gut microbiota and IBD: causation or correlation?

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Gut microbiota and IBD: causation or correlation?

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