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Current status of schistosomiasis in Sokoto, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT: The study was conducted in poor communities, where most of the population is dependent on river and well for their everyday activities. In this study 5 years-15 years aged children were sampled for schistosomiasis (Urinary and intestinal), using of urine and stool samples. The stool samples were analyzed using kato-katz thick faecal smear technique while the urine samples were analyzed by filtration technique. The overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium) was 60.8% (228 positive cases in 375 samples), and for intestinal schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni) was 2.93% (11 positive in 375 samples). The order of infection based on social status (occupation of pupil's parents) was farmers > fishermen > traders > civil servents > others. The prevalence of infection based on pupil's water contact activities such as farming associated 84.87% urinary schistosomiasis, followed by swimming (78.21%). Occurrence of urinary schistosomiasis based on source of pupil's drinking water; highest infection was reported among those that drink dam water (75.24%) while least infection was occurred whose drinking water was from bore-whole (17.64%). Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the studied area is therefore very high and family status, means of water contact and availability of drinking water dependent. Therefore there is urgent need to adapt preventive measures, provision of safe drinking water as well as control programmes for vector snails, immediately.

SUBMITTER: Singh K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5991846 | biostudies-other | 2016 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Current status of schistosomiasis in Sokoto, Nigeria.

Singh Kiran K Muddasiru Dalhatu D Singh Jitendra J

Parasite epidemiology and control 20160823 3

The study was conducted in poor communities, where most of the population is dependent on river and well for their everyday activities. In this study 5 years-15 years aged children were sampled for schistosomiasis (Urinary and intestinal), using of urine and stool samples. The stool samples were analyzed using kato-katz thick faecal smear technique while the urine samples were analyzed by filtration technique. The overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis (<i>Schistosoma haematobium</i>) was ...[more]

PMID: 29988177

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Project description:Mapping the distribution of parasitic diseases in time and space has a pivotal role to play in their control. This study mapped urinary schistosomiasis in Anambra State. Sampling covered the three senatorial districts, Anambra North, Anambra Central and Anambra South. However, only nine of the 21 local government areas (LGAs) and one town in each LGA were covered. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to map the distribution of schistosomiasis in the state. With the aid of GIS, the distance of the towns to water bodies was calculated. A total of 450 urine samples collected from the nine LGAs were examined for haematuria and Schistosoma haematobium eggs. A questionnaire was used to assess exposure and risks status to infection. The urine samples were examined for haematuria using dipstick and microscopy. Overall prevalence of infection in the study was 2.9% and 5.5% for microscopy and haematuria, respectively. Prevalence of schistosomiasis was different between the districts, and this was statistically significant (χ² = 7.763, p = 0.021). Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the towns had a significant negative linear relationship with distance to water body (r = -0.767, p = 0.016). Based on infection status from microscopy, the adjusted odds of infection in fishers was over 103 times higher than in students; the difference was significant statistically (AOR = 103.0443, 95% CI = 4.6278-7093.972, p = 0.0114). People who washed things in stream had 12 times significantly greater odds of infection than those that did not (AOR = 12.4585, 95% CI = 1.9590-258.8108, p = 0.02542). The distance of respondents to stream was a major determinant of infection with urinary schistosomiasis in the state. Those who lived close to water were approximately 1131% more likely to be infected than those who lived far from water bodies (AOR = 11.3157, 95% CI 2.2473-90.6889, p = 0.00713). Anambra State is endemic for urinary schistosomiasis. There is therefore a need for focal studies; and there may probably be a need to design a health program aimed at controlling the infection in focal areas in the state. The study also provides relevant information for designing a plan of action for the selective integrated and targeted control of urinary schistosomiasis in the LGAs.

Project description:IntroductionHuman schistosomiasis, a debilitating and chronic disease, is among a set of 17 neglected tropical infectious diseases of poverty that is currently posing a threat to the wellbeing of 2 billion people in the world. The SHAWN/WASH and MAM programmes in the study area require epidemiological data to enhance their effectiveness. We therefore embarked on this cross-sectional study with the aim of investigating the prevalence, intensity and risk factors of urogenital schistosomiasis.Methodology/ principal findingsInterviewed 484 respondents produced terminal urine samples (between 10.00h - 14.00h) which were analyzed with Medi ?Test Combi 10 and centrifuged at 400 r.p.m for 4 minutes using C2 series Centurion Scientific Centrifuge. Eggs of S. haematobium were identified with their terminal spines using Motic Binocular Microscope. Data were analyzed with Epi Info 7. In this study, the overall prevalence and arithmetic mean intensity of the infection were 8.68% (6.39? 11.64) and 80.09 (30.92?129.28) eggs per 10ml of urine respectively. Urogenital schistosomiasis was significantly associated with knowledge about the snail host (?2 = 4.23; P = 0.0398); water contact activities (?2 = 25.788; P = 0.0001), gender (?2 = 16.722; P = 0.0001); age (?2 = 9.589; P = 0.0019); economic status of school attended (?2 = 4.869; P = 0.0273); residence distance from open water sources (?2 = 10.546; P = 0.0012); mothers' occupational (?2 = 6.081; P = 0.0137) and educational status (?2 = 4.139; P = 0.0419).Conclusion/ significanceThe overall prevalence obtained in this survey shows that the study area was at a low-risk degree of endemicity for urogenital schistosomiasis. Beneath this is a subtle, latent and deadly morbidity-inducing heavy mean intensity of infection, calling for urgent implementation of WHO recommendation that MAM with PZQ be carried out twice for School-Age Children (enrolled or not enrolled) during their primary schooling age (once each at the point of admission and graduation). The criteria for classifying endemic areas for schistosomiasis should also be reviewed to capture the magnitude of mean intensity of infection rather than prevalence only as this may underplay its epidemiological severity.

Project description:INTRODUCTION:Tobacco smoking is the largest preventable cause of global mortality, with its prevalence increasing in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly among adolescents. We sought to determine the factors associated with tobacco smoking among Nigerian school adolescents and investigate the interaction between school location and socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS:Using a cross-sectional study design, 4332 eighth to tenth grade students in rural and urban secondary schools in Enugu State, Nigeria, were selected by stratified two-stage cluster sampling. We collected data using a modified Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) Core Questionnaire. Outcome measures were current smoking of cigarettes and other smoked tobacco. Multilevel mixed effects logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with current tobacco smoking and were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. RESULTS:Prevalences of current smoking of cigarettes and other smoked tobacco were 13.3% (95% CI: 11.3-15.7) and 5.8% (95% CI: 4.6-7.2), respectively. Possession of higher weekly allowance, exposure to secondhand smoke or tobacco advertisements, having smoking parents, friends or classmates who smoke, and sale of cigarettes near school, were positively associated with current smoking of tobacco. Female sex, having both parents employed and being exposed to tobacco teaching in school were negatively associated with current cigarette smoking while increasing age and high father's SES were negatively associated with current smoking of other tobacco products. There was an interaction between school location and father's SES in the association with cigarette smoking. The higher odds of smoking in rural versus urban schools were much higher for students with fathers of high SES compared to low SES. In rural schools, high SES was associated with higher odds of smoking, but in urban schools low SES was associated with higher odds of smoking. CONCLUSIONS Environmental factors are associated with adolescent tobacco smoking. Tobacco control programs should use targeted strategies that vary depending on the local context.

Project description:BackgroundThe risk of co-infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni and the potential harmful effect on morbidity and control is enhanced by the overlapping distribution of both species in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the reported high endemicity of both species in Nigeria, studies on the spread and effect of their mixed infection are limited. Therefore, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among school children in two communities in South-west Nigeria to investigate the prevalence of mixed human schistosome infection, intensity, and possible ectopic egg elimination.MethodsUrine and stool samples were collected from consenting school children in Ilie and Ore communities of Osun State, Nigeria. Schistosoma haematobium eggs were detected in urine using the urine filtration technique, while S. mansoni eggs were detected in stool using the Kato-Katz thick smear technique.ResultsThe study enrolled 466 primary and secondary school children (211; 45.3% males vs. 255; 54.7% females; mean age 11.6 ± 3.16 years). The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 40% (185/466), with 19% (89/466) recording single S. haematobium infection while 9% (41/465) had a single S. mansoni infection. The geometric mean egg count for S. haematobium was 189.4 egg/10ml urine; 95% CI: range 115.9-262.9, while for S. mansoni, it was 115.7 epg; 95% CI: range 78.4-152.9. The prevalence of ectopic S mansoni (S. mansoni eggs in urine) was 4.7%, while no ectopic S. haematobium (S. haematobium eggs in stool) was recorded. Mixed infection of S. haematobium/S. mansoni had a prevalence of 9.5% (44/466). More females (54.5%) presented with S. haematobium/S. mansoni co-infection. For both parasites, males had higher infection intensity, with a significant difference observed with S. haematobium (p = 0.0004). Hematuria was significant in individuals with single S. haematobium infection (p = 0.002), mixed ectopic S. haematobium/S. mansoni (p = 0.009) and mixed S. haematobium/S. mansoni/ectopic S. mansoni (p = 0.0003).ConclusionsThese findings suggest the probability of interspecific interactions between S. haematobium and S. mansoni. Scaling up of mass administration of praziquantel and control measures in the study areas is highly desirable.

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Current status of schistosomiasis in Sokoto, Nigeria.

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Current status of schistosomiasis in Sokoto, Nigeria.

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