Dataset Information

Incidentally detected ectopic thyroid in juxta cardiac location-Imaging and pathology.

ABSTRACT: Ectopic thyroid gland is a developmental anomaly that results from the arrest of thyroid tissue along its path of descent from the floor of mouth to the pre tracheal position in the lower neck. It is typically found along the thyroglossal duct with the base of the tongue being the most common site. Apart from mediastinal extension of goiter, the incidence of true intrathoracic ectopic thyroid tissue is rare. Presence of ectopic thyroid has been reported not only in the chest but also in the abdomen and pelvis. Pericardial and intracardiac locations are extremely uncommon and right ventricle location is predominant among the described cases. We describe a case of incidentally detected ectopic thyroid tissue in a rarer location-adjacent to the left atrium. The patient, who had undergone a nephrectomy for renal oncocytoma 5 years ago, presented with unintentional weight loss and left sided flank pain, prompting a workup to rule out abdominal malignancy. Findings on the computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis prompted further investigation including a chest CT which showed a heterogeneously enhancing mass near the left atrium. Given its location, further radiological investigations played an important role in eliminating the differential diagnosis of paraganglioma. The mass was surgically resected and discovered to be a hyperplastic thyroid nodule on histologic examination.

SUBMITTER: Ahuja K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6043872 | biostudies-other | 2018 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Incidentally detected ectopic thyroid in juxta cardiac location-Imaging and pathology.

Ahuja Kriti K Bhandari Tarun T Banait-Deshmane Swati S Crowe David R DR Sonavane Sushilkumar K SK

Radiology case reports 20180709 4

Ectopic thyroid gland is a developmental anomaly that results from the arrest of thyroid tissue along its path of descent from the floor of mouth to the pre tracheal position in the lower neck. It is typically found along the thyroglossal duct with the base of the tongue being the most common site. Apart from mediastinal extension of goiter, the incidence of true intrathoracic ectopic thyroid tissue is rare. Presence of ectopic thyroid has been reported not only in the chest but also in the abdo ...[more]

PMID: 30008980

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Project description:Thyroid cancer is very common, but skull ectopic thyroid cancer has not been reported in 50 years of literatures in foreign countries. There are only four cases of the skull ectopic thyroid cancer reported in more than 30 years of domestic literature including the cases in this report. This paper aims to investigate the clinical characteristics and possible molecular mechanisms of this rare disease. Five keywords of "thyroid gland", "ectopic thyroid", "thyroid cancer", "ectopic thyroid cancer" and "metastatic thyroid cancer" were included and 50 years of literatures in the PubMed-MEDLINE and Wanfang database were reviewed. By combining the test data of 2 cases of surgical patient tissue microarray specimens-molecular immunology pathology, the possible molecular mechanisms were analyzed and molecular regulation network diagram was drawn. The skull ectopic thyroid cancer has not been reported in 50 years of literatures in foreign countries and there are only four cases of the skull ectopic thyroid cancer reported in more than 30 years of domestic literature including the cases in this report. The molecular expressions of skull ectopic thyroid cancer, orthotopic thyroid cancer, and metastatic thyroid cancer were not the same: (I) AKT (P=0.012, 0.002) and mTOR (P=0.002, 0.004) were highly expressed in the skull ectopic thyroid cancer; (II) BRAF (P=0.029, 0.014) and ERK (P=0.002, 0.001) were highly expressed in orthotopic thyroid cancer; (III) MMP-9 (P=0.023, 0.016) was highly expressed in metastatic thyroid cancer. According to the molecular information base, the PI3K is predicted to be a key crossing gene of the above three signaling pathways, which showed no significant differences in these three thyroid cancers (P=0.692, 0.388, 0.227), but PI3K has regulation roles in the three signaling pathways of Akt/mTOR, MAPK, and NF-?B. PI3K gene is an important starting gene of thyroid cancers. After the canceration starts, due to the fact that the local microenvironments of thyroid cancers in different parts are different, the thyroid cancers are regulated by different signaling pathways. The ectopic thyroid cancer was correlated with Akt/mTOR pathway high expression; orthotopic thyroid was related with MAPK/BRAF/ERK signaling pathway high expression; and the metastatic thyroid cancer was related with NFkB/MMP9 high expression.

Project description:ImportanceWhether guideline-concordant lung nodule evaluations lead to better outcomes remains unknown.ObjectiveTo examine the association between the intensity of lung nodule diagnostic evaluations and outcomes, safety, and health expenditures.Design, setting, and participantsThis comparative effectiveness research study analyzed health plan enrollees at Kaiser Permanente Washington in Seattle, Washington, and Marshfield Clinic in Marshfield, Wisconsin, with an incidental lung nodule detected between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2015. Included patients were 35 years or older, had no high suspicion of infection, had no history of malignant neoplasm, and had no evidence of advanced lung cancer on nodule detection. Data analysis was conducted from January 7 to August 19, 2020.ExposuresWith the 2005 Fleischner Society guidelines (selected for their applicability to the time frame under investigation) as the comparator, 2 other intensities of lung nodule evaluation were defined. Guideline-concordant evaluation followed the guidelines. Less intensive evaluation was the absence of recommended testing, longer-than-recommended surveillance intervals, or less invasive testing than recommended. More intensive evaluation consisted of testing when the guidelines recommended no further testing, shorter-than-recommended surveillance intervals, or more invasive testing than recommended.Main outcomes and measuresThe main outcome was the proportion of patients with lung cancer who had stage III or IV disease, radiation exposure, procedure-related adverse events, and health expenditures 2 years after nodule detection.ResultsAmong the 5057 individuals included in this comparative effectiveness research study, 1925 (38%) received guideline-concordant, 1863 (37%) less intensive, and 1269 (25%) more intensive diagnostic evaluations. The entire cohort comprised 2786 female patients (55%), and the mean (SD) age was 67 (13) years. Adjusted analyses showed that compared with guideline-concordant evaluations, less intensive evaluations were associated with fewer procedure-related adverse events (risk difference [RD], -5.9%; 95% CI, -7.2% to -4.6%), lower mean radiation exposure (-9.5 milliSieverts [mSv]; 95% CI, -10.3 mSv to -8.7 mSv), and lower mean health expenditures (-$10 916; 95% CI, -$16 112 to -$5719); no difference in stage III or IV disease was found among patients diagnosed with lung cancer (RD, 4.6%; 95% CI, -22% to +31%). More intensive evaluations were associated with more procedure-related adverse events (RD, +8.1%; 95% CI, +5.6% to +11%), higher mean radiation exposure (+6.8 mSv; 95% CI, +5.8 mSv to +7.8 mSv), and higher mean health expenditures ($20 132; 95% CI, +$14 398 to +$25 868); no difference in stage III or IV disease was observed (RD, -0.5%; 95% CI, -28% to +27%).Conclusions and relevanceThis study found inconclusive evidence of an association between less intensive diagnostic evaluations and more advanced stage at lung cancer diagnosis compared with guideline-concordant care; higher intensities of diagnostic evaluations were associated with greater procedural complications, radiation exposure, and expenditures. These findings underscore the need for more evidence on better ways to evaluate lung nodules and to avoid unnecessarily intensive diagnostic evaluations of lung nodules.

Project description:Background Incidental detection of pancreatic cystic neoplasm (PCN) has increased. Since a small percentage of PCNs possess malignant potential, management is challenging. The recently revised American College of Radiology (ACR) recommendations define PCN measurement and growth for different categories based on baseline cyst size. However, no data are available regarding PCN growth rate under the ACR-defined size categories. Purpose To assess growth of incidentally detected PCNs on long-term imaging follow-up using revised ACR recommendations and to evaluate the association between baseline imaging features and growth. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included PCNs with baseline imaging performed between January 2002 and May 2017, with two or more cross-sectional imaging studies performed at least 12 months apart. PCN assessment was based on ACR 2017 recommendations. Cyst features, including location, septations, and mural nodules and multiplicity, were noted. Time to cyst progression (growth by ACR criteria) was examined by using baseline PCN size, among other factors. Results A total of 646 cysts in 390 patients were followed up for a median of 50 months (range, 12-186 months). A total of 184 (28.5%) cysts increased in size, 52 (8.1%) decreased in size, and 410 (63.4%) remained stable. For groups in which baseline PCN size was smaller than 5 mm, 5-14 mm, 15-25 mm, and larger than 25 mm, growth was noted in seven (13.2%), 106 (28.9%), 49 (32.2%), and 22 (29.7%) cysts, respectively. ACR baseline size categories (subhazard ratio: 2.8 [5-14-mm PCN group], 3.4 [15-25-mm PCN group], and 2.7 [>25 mm group], as compared with the <5 mm PCN group; P < .05 for each) demonstrated association with growth. Presence of mural nodules, septations, or lesion multiplicity failed to demonstrate association with growth. Among PCNs smaller than 5 mm at baseline, 100% of PCNs at 3-year follow-up and 94.2% of PCNs at 5-year follow-up were likely to remain stable. Conclusion American College of Radiology baseline size category of 15-25-mm pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs) demonstrated the highest (3.1 times) likelihood of growth, as compared with the category of PCNs smaller than 5 mm. PCNs smaller than 5 mm at baseline did not demonstrate growth at 3-year imaging follow-up. © RSNA, 2019 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Dataset Information

Incidentally detected ectopic thyroid in juxta cardiac location-Imaging and pathology.

Publications

Incidentally detected ectopic thyroid in juxta cardiac location-Imaging and pathology.

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