Dataset Information

High-temperature quality of accelerated spheroidization on SUP9 leaf spring to enhance machinability.

ABSTRACT: The high temperature on the austenitization showed the varied results in the fast spheroidization in high carbon leaf spring steel SUP9/55CrMnA. The heating temperature was held for 15 minutes in the austenitization temperature at 800, 850, and 900 °C respectively, which was intended to break cementite lamellar and then proceed to spheroidization at 720 °C for 2 hours. The purpose of this treatment was to enhance machinability, the experiment results showed a significant enhancing in machinability at 800 °C with 180 VHN hardness value and machining performance increased to 78.5% with 54 seconds machining time. The drilling process used an HSS twist drilling 2.5 mm in diameter and a workpiece height of 15 mm under equal spindle speed and load. The machining process is recommended to know the quality of the cementite, which was revealed on the drilling process of the initial specimen, the drill bit was unable to drill the specimen caused by chisel edge blunted. The acceleration spheroidization process under high temperature showed the significant enhancing in machinability of SUP9 leaf spring.

SUBMITTER: Chandra H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6307316 | biostudies-other | 2018 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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High-temperature quality of accelerated spheroidization on SUP9 leaf spring to enhance machinability.

Chandra Hendri H Pratiwi Diah Kusuma DK Zahir Muhammad M

Heliyon 20181226 12

The high temperature on the austenitization showed the varied results in the fast spheroidization in high carbon leaf spring steel SUP9/55CrMnA. The heating temperature was held for 15 minutes in the austenitization temperature at 800, 850, and 900 °C respectively, which was intended to break cementite lamellar and then proceed to spheroidization at 720 °C for 2 hours. The purpose of this treatment was to enhance machinability, the experiment results showed a significant enhancing in machinabili ...[more]

PMID: 30603709

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Project description:Extensive research shows temperature to be the primary environmental factor controlling the phyllochron, or rate of leaf appearance, of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Experimental results suggest that soil temperature at crown depth, rather than air temperature above the canopy, would better predict wheat leaf appearance rates. To test this hypothesis, leaf appearance in spring wheat ('Nordic') was measured in a 2-year field experiment (Nunn clay loam soil; fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic, Argiustoll) with three planting dates and two soil temperature treatments. One temperature treatment (denoted +3C) consisted of heating the soil at crown depth to 3 degrees C above the ambient soil temperature (denoted +0C). Main stem cumulative leaf number was measured at least weekly until flag leaf emergence. Leaf appearance was essentially linear with both air and soil growing degree-days (GDD), although there was a stronger linear relationship with soil GDD in the +0C plants than in +3C plants. A weak positive relationship between planting date and the phyllochron was observed. Unexpectedly, we found that heating the soil did not increase the rate of leaf appearance, as the paradigm would predict. To explain these results, we propose extending the paradigm in two ways. First, three processes are involved in leaf appearance: (1) cell division at the shoot apex forms the primordium; (2) cell division in the intercalary meristem forms the cells that then (3) expand to produce the leaf. Cell division is predominantly controlled by temperature, but cell expansion is considerably more affected by factors other than temperature, explaining the influence of other factors on the phyllochron. Secondly, the vertical distribution of the two meristems and region of cell expansion occur over a significant distance, where temperature varies considerably, and temperature at a specific point (e.g. crown depth) does not account for the entire temperature regime under which leaves are developing.

Project description:BackgroundBrassica carinata (A) Braun has recently gained increased attention across the world as a sustainable biofuel crop. B. carinata is grown as a summer crop in many regions where high temperature is a significant stress during the growing season. However, little research has been conducted to understand the mechanisms through which this crop responds to high temperatures. Understanding traits that improve the high-temperature adaption of this crop is essential for developing heat-tolerant varieties. This study investigated lipid remodeling in B. carinata in response to high-temperature stress. A commercial cultivar, Avanza 641, was grown under sunlit-controlled environmental conditions in Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research (SPAR) chambers under optimal temperature (OT; 23/15°C) conditions. At eight days after sowing, plants were exposed to one of the three temperature treatments [OT, high-temperature treatment-1 (HT-1; 33/25°C), and high-temperature treatment-2 (HT-2; 38/30°C)]. The temperature treatment period lasted until the final harvest at 84 days after sowing. Leaf samples were collected at 74 days after sowing to profile lipids using electrospray-ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.ResultsTemperature treatment significantly affected the growth and development of Avanza 641. Both high-temperature treatments caused alterations in the leaf lipidome. The alterations were primarily manifested in terms of decreases in unsaturation levels of membrane lipids, which was a cumulative effect of lipid remodeling. The decline in unsaturation index was driven by (a) decreases in lipids that contain the highly unsaturated linolenic (18:3) acid and (b) increases in lipids containing less unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acids and/or saturated fatty acids such as palmitic (16:0) acid. A third mechanism that likely contributed to lowering unsaturation levels, particularly for chloroplast membrane lipids, is a shift toward lipids made by the eukaryotic pathway and the channeling of eukaryotic pathway-derived glycerolipids that are composed of less unsaturated fatty acids into chloroplasts.ConclusionsThe lipid alterations appear to be acclimation mechanisms to maintain optimal membrane fluidity under high-temperature conditions. The lipid-related mechanisms contributing to heat stress response as identified in this study could be utilized to develop biomarkers for heat tolerance and ultimately heat-tolerant varieties.

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High-temperature quality of accelerated spheroidization on SUP9 leaf spring to enhance machinability.

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High-temperature quality of accelerated spheroidization on SUP9 leaf spring to enhance machinability.

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