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Neural and Endocrine Correlates of Early Life Abuse in Youth With Depression and Obesity.

ABSTRACT: Depression and insulin resistance are becoming increasingly prevalent in younger populations. The origin and consequence of insulin resistance in depressed youth may, in part, be rooted in exposure to environmental stressors, such as early life abuse, that may lead to aberrant brain motivational networks mediating maladaptive food-seeking behaviors and insipient insulin resistance. In this paper, we aimed to investigate the impact of early life abuse on the development of insulin resistance in depressed and overweight youth aged 9 to 17 years. We hypothesized that youth with the greatest burden of early life abuse would have the highest levels of insulin resistance and corresponding aberrant reward network connectivities. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated sixty-nine depressed and overweight youth aged 9 to 17, using multimodal assessments of early life abuse, food-seeking behavior, and insulin resistance. Based on results of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), we separated our study participants into two groups: 35 youth who reported high levels of the sum of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse and 34 youth who reported insignificant or no levels of any abuse. Results of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and resting state functional connectivity (RSFC), using the amygdala, insula, and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) as seed-based reward network regions of interest, were analyzed for group differences between high abuse and low abuse groups. High abuse youth exhibited differences from low abuse youth in amygdala-precuneus, NAcc-paracingulate gyrus, and NAcc-prefrontal cortex connectivities, that correlated with levels of abuse experienced. The more different their connectivity from of that of low abuse youth, the higher were their fasting glucose and glucose at OGTT endpoint. Importantly, level of abuse moderated the relation between reward network connectivity and OGTT glucose response. In contrast, low abuse youth showed hyperinsulinemia and more insulin resistance than high abuse youth, and their higher OGTT insulin areas under the curve correlated with more negative insula-precuneus connectivity. Our findings suggest distinct neural and endocrine profiles of youth with depression and obesity based on their histories of early life abuse.

SUBMITTER: Sun KL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6308296 | biostudies-other | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Neural and Endocrine Correlates of Early Life Abuse in Youth With Depression and Obesity.

Sun Kevin L KL Watson Kathleen T KT Angal Sarthak S Bakkila Baylee F BF Gorelik Aaron J AJ Leslie Sara M SM Rasgon Natalie L NL Singh Manpreet K MK

Frontiers in psychiatry 20181221

Depression and insulin resistance are becoming increasingly prevalent in younger populations. The origin and consequence of insulin resistance in depressed youth may, in part, be rooted in exposure to environmental stressors, such as early life abuse, that may lead to aberrant brain motivational networks mediating maladaptive food-seeking behaviors and insipient insulin resistance. In this paper, we aimed to investigate the impact of early life abuse on the development of insulin resistance in d ...[more]

PMID: 30622489

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Project description:Study questionIs there an association between physical and sexual abuse occurring in childhood or adolescence and risk of laparoscopically-confirmed endometriosis?Summary answerEarly life sexual and physical abuse was associated with an increased risk of endometriosis.What is known alreadyPrevious studies have reported that physical and sexual abuse are associated with chronic pelvic pain (CPP). However, only one study has examined the association between childhood physical abuse and laparoscopically-confirmed endometriosis, and did not observe an association with endometriosis risk.Study design, size, durationProspective cohort study using data collected from 60 595 premenopausal women from 1989 to 2013 as part of the Nurses' Health Study II cohort.Participants/materials, setting, methodsParticipants completed an exposure to violence victimization questionnaire in 2001. Cases were restricted to laparoscopically-confirmed endometriosis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Main results and the role of chanceThree thousand three hundred and ninety-four cases of laparoscopically-confirmed endometriosis were diagnosed during 24 years of follow-up. Compared to those reporting no physical or sexual abuse, the risk of endometriosis was greater among those who experienced severe physical abuse (RR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.37) or severe sexual abuse (RR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.24, 1.79). There was a 79% increased risk of laparoscopically-confirmed endometriosis for women reporting severe-chronic abuse of multiple types (95% CI = 1.44, 2.22). The associations between abuse and endometriosis were stronger among women presenting without infertility, a group that was more likely to have been symptomatic with respect to pain.Limitations, reasons for cautionThe violence exposure was recalled by the study participants and thus is subject to misclassification as well as recall bias for the cases who were diagnosed prior to 2001. However, our results were similar in a sensitivity analysis including only endometriosis cases incident after their violence history report. In addition, residual or unmeasured confounding is a possibility; however, we were able to adjust for a variety of potential early life confounders. Finally, selection bias is also a possibility if those who chose to return the violence questionnaire did so based jointly on abuse history and endometriosis risk.Wider implications of the findingsEarly life sexual and physical abuse was associated with an increased risk of endometriosis. Severity, chronicity and accumulation of types of abuse were associated with greater risk. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these relations may better define the biologic impacts of abuse and the related pathophysiology of endometriosis.Study funding/competing interest(s)This work was supported by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [Grant numbers HD48544, HD52473, HD57210 and CA50385] and the Atlanta Clinical and Translational Science Institute [Grant number ULRR025008]. The Nurses' Health Study II is supported by the National Institutes of Health grant UM1 CA176726 from the National Cancer Institute. H.R.H. is supported by the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health [Grant number K22 CA193860]. Authors report no conflict of interest.

Project description:BackgroundPrevious studies have frequently reported a high prevalence of co-occurring anxiety and depression among people who experienced stressful events in childhood. However, few have noted the symptomatic relationship of this comorbidity among childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivors. Therefore, this study's objectives were as follows: (1) to examine the relationship across symptoms between anxiety and depression among CSA survivors; (2) to compare differences between male and female network structures among CSA survivors.MethodsA total of 63 Universities and Colleges in Jilin Province, China, covered 96,218 participants in this study, a sub-set data of which met the criteria of CSA was analyzed with the network analysis. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), measured CSA. Anxiety was measured by the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and depression was measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The sex difference between anxiety and depression among CSA survivors was compared.Results3,479 college students reported the experience of CSA (CTQ-SF total scores ≥ 8), with a prevalence of 3.62% (95% CI: 3.50-3.73%). Among CSA survivors, control worry, sad mood, and energy were central and bridge symptoms of the anxiety and depression network. Meanwhile, male CSA survivors appeared to have a stronger correlation between guilt and suicide, but female CSA survivors seemed to have a stronger correlation between control worry and suicide. Moreover, the edge of control worry-relax-afraid was stronger in the male network, while the edge of restless-relax was stronger in the female network.ConclusionControl worry, sad mood, and energy are crucial to offer targeted treatment and to relieve anxiety and depression symptoms for CSA survivors. Guilt needs more attention for male CSA survivors, while control worry remains more important for female CSA survivors to reduce suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.

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Neural and Endocrine Correlates of Early Life Abuse in Youth With Depression and Obesity.

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Neural and Endocrine Correlates of Early Life Abuse in Youth With Depression and Obesity.

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