Dataset Information

High malaria transmission sustained by Anopheles gambiae s.l. occurring both indoors and outdoors in the city of Yaounde, Cameroon.

ABSTRACT: Background: Malaria remains a major public health problem in Cameroon; however, despite reports on the adaptation of anopheline species to urban habitats, there is still not enough information on malaria transmission pattern in urban settings. In the frame of a larval control trial in the city of Yaoundé, we conducted baseline surveys to assess malaria transmission dynamics in this city. Methods: Adult mosquitoes were collected indoors and outdoors using CDC light traps and human landing catches from March 2017 to March 2018 in 30 districts of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Mosquitoes were sorted by genus and identified to the species level using PCR. The TaqMan method and ELISA were used to determine mosquito infection status to Plasmodium. Bioassays were conducted to assess female Anopheles gambiae susceptibility to insecticides. Results: A total of 218,991 mosquitoes were collected. The main malaria vectors were An. gambiae s.l. (n=6154) and An. funestus s.l. (n=229). Of the 1476 An. gambiae s.l. processed by PCR, 92.19% were An. coluzzii and 7.81% An. gambiae. An. funestus s.l. was composed of 93.01% (173/186) An. funestus and 4.84% (13/186) An. leesoni. The average biting rate of anopheline was significantly high outdoor than indoor (P=0.013). Seasonal variation in mosquito abundance and biting rate was recorded. The infection rate by Plasmodium falciparum was 2.13% (104/4893 mosquitoes processed). The annual entomological inoculation rate was found to vary from 0 to 92 infective bites/man/year (ib/m/y). Malaria transmission risk was high outdoor (66.65 ib/m/y) compared to indoor (31.14 ib/m/y). An. gambiae s.l. was found highly resistant to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin. High prevalence of the West Africa kdr allele 1014F was recorded and this was not found to influence An. gambiae s.l. infection status. Conclusion: The study suggests high malaria transmission occurring in the city of Yaoundé and call for immediate actions to improve control strategies.

SUBMITTER: Doumbe-Belisse P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6364383 | biostudies-other | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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High malaria transmission sustained by Anopheles gambiae s.l. occurring both indoors and outdoors in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Doumbe-Belisse Patricia P Ngadjeu Carmene Sandra CS Sonhafouo-Chiana Nadege N Talipouo Abdou A Djamouko-Djonkam Landre L Kopya Edmond E Bamou Roland R Toto Jean Claude JC Mounchili Souleyman S Tabue Raymond R Awono-Ambene Parfait P Wondji Charles Sinclair CS Njiokou Flobert F Antonio-Nkondjio Christophe C

Wellcome open research 20181223

Background: Malaria remains a major public health problem in Cameroon; however, despite reports on the adaptation of anopheline species to urban habitats, there is still not enough information on malaria transmission pattern in urban settings. In the frame of a larval control trial in the city of Yaoundé, we conducted baseline surveys to assess malaria transmission dynamics in this city. Methods: Adult mosquitoes were collected indoors and outdoors using CDC light traps and human l ...[more]

PMID: 30756096

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Project description:BACKGROUND:The rapid and unplanned urbanization of African cities is considered to increase the risk of urban malaria transmission. The present study objective was to assess factors influencing the spatio-temporal distribution of Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. METHODS:All water bodies were checked once every 2 months for the presence of mosquito larvae from March 2017 to May 2018 in 32 districts of Yaoundé. Physico-chemical characteristics including the size, depth, turbidity, pH, temperature, conductivity, sulfates, organophosphates, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), conductivity, iron and calcium were recorded and analyzed according to anopheline larvae presence or absence. High resolution satellite images from landsat sentinel Enhanced Thematic Mapper were used for spatial mapping of both field and environmental variables. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify variables closely associated with anopheline larvae distribution. RESULTS:A total of 18?696 aquatic habitats were checked and only 2942 sites (15.7%) contained anopheline larvae. A high number of sites with anopheline larvae (? 69%) presented late instar larvae (L3, L4 and pupae). Anopheline mosquito larvae were sampled from a variety of breeding sites including puddles (51.6%), tire prints (12.9%), wells (11.7%) and drains (11.3%). Bivariate logistic regression analyses associated anopheline larvae presence with the absence of predators, absence of algae, absence of vegetation and depth of less than 1?m. Conductivity, turbidity, organophosphates, H2O2 and temperature were significantly high in breeding sites with anopheline larvae than in breeding sites without these larvae (P?<? 0.1). Anopheline species collected included An. coluzzii (91.1%) and An. gambiae s.s. (8.9%). GIS mapping indicated a heterogeneous distribution of anopheline breeding habitats in the city of Yaoundé. Land cover analysis indicated high variability of the city of Yaoundé's landscape. CONCLUSIONS:The data confirms adaptation of An. gambiae s.l. to the urban domain in the city of Yaoundé and calls for urgent actions to improve malaria vector control.

Project description:Background: Reducing the burden of malaria requires better understanding of vector populations, particularly in forested regions where the incidence remains elevated. Here, we characterized malaria vectors in a locality near the Yaoundé international airport, Cameroon, including species composition, abundance, Plasmodium infection rate, insecticide resistance profiles and underlying resistance mechanisms. Methods: Blood-fed adult mosquitoes resting indoors were aspirated from houses in April 2019 at Elende, a village located 2 km from the Yaoundé-Nsimalen airport. Female mosquitoes were forced to lay eggs to generate F 1 adult progeny. Bioassays were performed to assess resistance profile to insecticides. The threshold of insecticide susceptibility was defined above 98% mortality rate and mortality rates below 90% were indicative of confirmed insecticide resistance. Furthermore, the molecular basis of resistance and Plasmodium infection rates were investigated. Results:Anopheles funestus s.s. was most abundant species in Elende (85%) followed by Anopheles gambiae s.s. (15%) with both having a similar sporozoite rate. Both species exhibited high levels of resistance to pyrethroids (<40% mortality). An. gambiae s.s. was also resistant to DDT (9.9% mortality) and bendiocarb (54% mortality) while susceptible to organophosphate. An. funestus s.s. was resistant to dieldrin (1% mortality), DDT (86% mortality) but susceptible to carbamates and organophosphates. The L119F-GSTe2 resistance allele (8%) and G119S ace-1 resistance allele (15%) were detected in An. funestus s.s. and An. gambiae s.s., respectively . Furthermore, the high pyrethroid/DDT resistances in An. gambiae s.s. corresponded with an increase frequency of 1014F kdr allele (95%). Transcriptional profiling of candidate cytochrome P450 genes reveals the over-expression of CYP6P5, CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b.Conclusion: The resistance to multiple insecticide classes observed in these vector populations alongside the high Plasmodium sporozoite rate highlights the challenges that vector control programs encounter in sustaining the regular benefits of contemporary insecticide-based control interventions in forested areas.

Project description:BackgroundLong-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are a vital tool in the fight against malaria vectors. However, their efficacy in the field can be impacted by several factors, including patterns of usage, net age, mosquito resistance and the delayed mortality effect, all of which could influence malaria transmission. We have investigated the effectiveness of the various brands of LLINs available in markets and households in Cameroon on pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes and assessed their post-exposure effect.MethodsFollowing quality control assessment on a susceptible laboratory mosquito strain, we evaluated the immediate and delayed mortality effects of exposure to LLINs (both newly bough LLINst and used ones collected from households in Elende village, Cameroon, in 2019) using standard WHO cone tests on Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus populations collected from the Centre region of Cameroon. Alive female mosquitoes were genotyped for various resistance markers at different time points post-exposure to evaluate the impact of insecticide resistance on the efficacy of bednets.ResultsThe laboratory-susceptible strain experienced high mortality rates when exposed to all pyrethroid-only brands of purchased nets (Olyset® Net, Super Net, PermaNet® 2.0, Yorkool®, Royal Sentry®) (Mean±SEM: 68.66 ± 8.35% to 93.33 ± 2.90%). However, low mortality was observed among wild An. funestus mosquitoes exposed to the bednets (0 ± 0 to 28 ± 6.7%), indicating a reduced performance of these nets against field mosquitoes. Bednets collected from households also showed reduced efficacy on the laboratory strain (mortality: 19-66%), as well as displaying a significant loss of efficacy against the local wild strains (mortality: 0 ± 0% to 4 ± 2.6% for An. gambiae sensu lato and 0 ± 0% to 8 ± 3.2% for An. funestus). However, compared to the unexposed group, mosquitoes exposed to bednets showed a significantly reduced longevity, indicating that the efficacy of these nets was not completely lost. Mosquitoes with the CYP6P9a-RR and L119F-GSTe2 mutations conferring pyrethroid resistance showed greater longevity after exposure to the Olyset net than their susceptible counterparts, indicating the impact of resistance on bednet efficacy and delayed mortality.ConclusionThese findings show that although standard bednets drastically lose their efficacy against pyrethroid-resistant field mosquitoes, they still are able to induce delayed mortality in exposed populations. The results of this study also provide evidence of the actual impact of resistance on the quality and efficacy of LLINs in use in the community, with mosquitoes carrying the CYP6P9a-RR and L119F-GSTe2 mutations conferring pyrethroid resistance living longer than their susceptible counterparts. These results highlight the need to use new-generation nets that do not rely solely on pyrethroids.

Project description:BackgroundMembers of the Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) complex are one of the major vectors of malaria in Africa. LLINs and IRS are the most effective tools used in vector control of malaria. However, their effectiveness may be hampered by the development and spread of insecticide resistance in the target vectors species. The objective of this study was to assess the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) mosquitoes from South-West Cameroon to deltamethrin, permethrin and to malathion, four years after the mass deployment of LLINs.MethodsAnopheles larvae were collected from Limbe, Tiko and Buea, three cities of the Fako division and reared until adult emergence. Adult mosquitoes from field larvae were identified as belonging to the Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) complex using standard identification keys. Susceptibility of mosquito samples to deltamethrin, permethrin and malathion was assessed using WHO susceptibility tests protocol for adult mosquitoes. Molecular identification of tested samples was performed using the PCR SINE200 protocol and by PCR-RFLP. The kdr alleles were genotyped using the hot ligation oligonucleotide assay (HOLA).ResultsTwo species of the An. gambiae (s.l.) complex, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae (s.s.) were identified in all three study locations with high proportions of An. coluzzii in Limbe (84.06%) and Tiko (92.2%), while in Buea, An. coluzzii (55.6%) and An. gambiae (s.s.) (44.4%) occurred almost in the same proportions. Tested samples were found resistant to pyrethroids (deltamethrin and permethrin) in all locations (< 90% mortality), with > 3-fold increase of KDT50 values compared with the Kisumu susceptible reference strain of An. gambiae (s.s.). However, the mosquito populations from Limbe and Buea were fully susceptible to malathion. The L1014F kdr was found in both An. coluzzii and An. gambiae (s.s.) with the highest frequencies found in An. gambiae (s.l.) populations from Tiko (94%) and Buea (90%) compared with the Limbe population (66%) (P = 0.00063, df = 2). No kdr L1014S was observed in analyzed samples.ConclusionsThese findings reemphasize the ongoing development of An. gambiae (s.l.) resistance to pyrethroids used in impregnating LLINs and suggest the use of malathion as an alternative insecticide for IRS in complementarity with LLINs.

Project description:BackgroundVector control activities, namely long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), have contributed significantly to the decreasing malaria burden observed in The Gambia since 2008. Nevertheless, insecticide resistance may threaten such success; it is important to regularly assess the susceptibility of local malaria vectors to available insecticides.MethodsIn the transmission seasons of 2016 and 2017, Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) larvae were sampled in or around the nine vector surveillance sentinel sites of the Gambia National Malaria Control Programme (GNMCP) and in a few additional sampling points. Using WHO susceptibility bioassays, female adult mosquitoes were exposed to insecticide-impregnated papers. Molecular identification of sibling species and insecticide resistance molecular markers was done on a subset of 2000 female mosquitoes.ResultsA total of 4666 wild-caught female adult mosquitoes were exposed to either permethrin (n = 665), deltamethrin (n = 744), DDT (n = 1021), bendiocarb (n = 990) or pirimiphos-methyl (n = 630) insecticide-impregnated papers and control papers (n = 616). Among the 2000 anophelines, 1511 (80.7%) were Anopheles arabiensis, 204 (10.9%) Anopheles coluzzii, 75 (4%) Anopheles gambiae (s.s.), and 83 (4.4%) An. gambiae (s.s.) and An. coluzzii hybrids. There was a significant variation in the composition and species distribution by regions and year, P = 0.009. Deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT resistance was found in An. arabiensis, especially in the coastal region, and was mediated by Vgsc-1014F/S mutations (odds ratio = 34, P = 0.014). There was suspected resistance to pirimiphos-methyl (actellic 300CS) in the North Bank Region although only one survivor had the Ace-1-119S mutation.ConclusionsAs no confirmed resistance to bendiocarb and actellic 300CS was detected, the national malaria control programme can continue using these insecticides for IRS. Nevertheless, the detection of Ace-1 119S mutation warrants extensive monitoring. The source of insecticide pressure driving insecticide resistance to pyrethroids and DDT detected at the coastal region should be further investigated in order to properly manage the spread of resistance in The Gambia.

Dataset Information

High malaria transmission sustained by Anopheles gambiae s.l. occurring both indoors and outdoors in the city of Yaounde, Cameroon.

Publications

High malaria transmission sustained by <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> s.l. occurring both indoors and outdoors in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon.

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