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On the emerging relationship between the stratospheric Quasi-Biennial oscillation and the Madden-Julian oscillation.

ABSTRACT: A strong relationship between the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of equatorial stratospheric winds and the amplitude of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) during the boreal winter has recently been uncovered using observational data from the mid-1970s to the present. When the QBO is in its easterly phase in the lower stratosphere, it favors stronger MJO activity during boreal winter, while the MJO tends to be weaker during the westerly phase of the QBO. Here we show using reconstructed indices of the MJO and QBO back to 1905 that the relationship between enhanced boreal winter MJO activity and the easterly phase of the QBO has only emerged since the early 1980s. The emergence of this relationship coincides with the recent cooling trend in the equatorial lower stratosphere and the warming trend in the equatorial upper troposphere, which appears to have sensitized MJO convective activity to QBO-induced changes in static stability near the tropopause. Climate change is thus suggested to have played a role in promoting coupling between the MJO and the QBO.

SUBMITTER: Klotzbach P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6393487 | biostudies-other | 2019 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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On the emerging relationship between the stratospheric Quasi-Biennial oscillation and the Madden-Julian oscillation.

Klotzbach P P Abhik S S Hendon H H HH Bell M M Lucas C C G Marshall A A Oliver E C J ECJ

Scientific reports 20190227 1

A strong relationship between the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of equatorial stratospheric winds and the amplitude of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) during the boreal winter has recently been uncovered using observational data from the mid-1970s to the present. When the QBO is in its easterly phase in the lower stratosphere, it favors stronger MJO activity during boreal winter, while the MJO tends to be weaker during the westerly phase of the QBO. Here we show using reconstructed indice ...[more]

PMID: 30814656

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Project description:BackgroundSocioeconomic factors have been consistently associated with suicide, and economic recessions are linked to rising suicide rates. However, evidence on the impact of socioeconomic interventions to reduce suicide rates is limited. This study investigates the association of the world's largest conditional cash transfer programme with suicide rates in a cohort of half of the Brazilian population.Methods and findingsWe used data from the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort, covering a 12-year period (2004 to 2015). It comprises socioeconomic and demographic information on 114,008,317 individuals, linked to the "Bolsa Família" programme (BFP) payroll database, and nationwide death registration data. BFP was implemented by the Brazilian government in 2004. We estimated the association of BFP using inverse probability of treatment weighting, estimating the weights for BFP beneficiaries (weight = 1) and nonbeneficiaries by the inverse probability of receiving treatment (weight = E(ps)/(1-E(ps))). We used an average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) estimator and fitted Poisson models to estimate the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for suicide associated with BFP experience. At the cohort baseline, BFP beneficiaries were younger (median age 27.4 versus 35.4), had higher unemployment rates (56% versus 32%), a lower level of education, resided in rural areas, and experienced worse household conditions. There were 36,742 suicide cases among the 76,532,158 individuals aged 10 years, or older, followed for 489,500,000 person-years at risk. Suicide rates among beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries were 5.4 (95% CI = 5.32, 5.47, p < 0.001) and 10.7 (95% CI = 10.51, 10.87, p < 0.001) per 100,000 individuals, respectively. BFP beneficiaries had a lower suicide rate than nonbeneficiaries (IRR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.42, 0.45, p < 0.001). This association was stronger among women (IRR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.33, 0.38, p < 0.001), and individuals aged between 25 and 59 (IRR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.40, 0.43, p < 0.001). Study limitations include a lack of control for previous mental disorders and access to means of suicide, and the possible under-registration of suicide cases due to stigma.ConclusionsWe observed that BFP was associated with lower suicide rates, with similar results in all sensitivity analyses. These findings should help to inform policymakers and health authorities to better design suicide prevention strategies. Targeting social determinants using cash transfer programmes could be important in limiting suicide, which is predicted to rise with the economic recession, consequent to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Project description:Objective: This study aims to explore the dose-response relationship between the daily duration of moderate to vigorous physical activity and the improvement of cardiometabolic risk indicators in obese children and adolescents. Methods: Seventy-seven obese children and adolescents aged 10-17 years were randomly recruited for a 4-week exercise intervention in a closed camp during 2019-2021, physical activity was monitored by ActiGraph GT3X + to obtain daily MVPA duration, and the improvement of CMR indicators were reflected by the changes (Δ) of waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting insulin, fasting plasma glucose, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance before and after the intervention, calculated as ''Δ+indicator" = values after intervention-values before intervention. The groups were divided into different doses of Q1∼Q3 according to the daily MVPA duration from low to high. The differences in the improvement of different dose groups were compared by one-way analysis of covariance, and the dose-response relationship between MVPA duration and CMR indicators improvement was analyzed by linear regression and piecewise regression. The nonlinear relationship was analyzed by restricted cubic spline. Results: 1) Compared with indicators before the intervention, WC, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, FINS, and HOMA-IR were significantly lower after the intervention (p-value < 0.05). 2) The dose-response relationship between MVPA and LDL-C improvement was non-linear (P-Nonlinear < 0.05). When MVPA >77.1min/day, ΔLDL-C further decreased with the increase of MVPA duration [β = -0.009, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.013, -0.005], and when MVPA ≤77.1min/day, increasing the MVPA duration did not increase the improvement of ΔLDL-C. Conclusion: There was a nonlinear dose-response relationship between the daily MVPA duration and LDL-C improvement in obese children and adolescents. In order to obtain more significant improvement in LDL-C through increased MVPA duration, MVPA duration should be higher than 77.1 min/day.

Dataset Information

On the emerging relationship between the stratospheric Quasi-Biennial oscillation and the Madden-Julian oscillation.

Publications

On the emerging relationship between the stratospheric Quasi-Biennial oscillation and the Madden-Julian oscillation.

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