Dataset Information

Soil Zinc Is Associated with Serum Zinc But Not with Linear Growth of Children in Ethiopia.

ABSTRACT: To our knowledge, the relationships among soil zinc, serum zinc and children's linear growth have not been studied geographically or at a national level in any country. We use data from the cross-sectional, nationally representative Ethiopian National Micronutrient Survey (ENMS) (n = 1776), which provided anthropometric and serum zinc (n = 1171) data on children aged 6⁻59 months. Soil zinc levels were extracted for each child from the digital soil map of Ethiopia, developed by the Africa Soil Information Service. Children's linear growth was computed using length/height and age converted into Z-scores for height-for-age. Multi-level mixed linear regression models were used for the analysis. Nationally, 28% of children aged 6⁻59 months were zinc deficient (24% when adjusted for inflammation) and 38% were stunted. Twenty percent of households in the ENMS were located on zinc-deficient soils. Soil zinc (in mg/kg) was positively associated with serum zinc (in µg/dL) (b = 0.9, p = 0.020) and weight-for-height-Z-score (b = 0.05, p = 0.045) but linear growth was not associated with soil zinc (p = 0.604) or serum zinc (p = 0.506) among Ethiopian preschool children. Intervention studies are needed to determine whether there are causal links between soil and human zinc status.

SUBMITTER: Tessema M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6413067 | biostudies-other | 2019 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Soil Zinc Is Associated with Serum Zinc But Not with Linear Growth of Children in Ethiopia.

Tessema Masresha M De Groote Hugo H D Brouwer Inge I J M Feskens Edith E Belachew Tefera T Zerfu Dilnesaw D Belay Adamu A Demelash Yoseph Y S Gunaratna Nilupa N

Nutrients 20190122 2

To our knowledge, the relationships among soil zinc, serum zinc and children's linear growth have not been studied geographically or at a national level in any country. We use data from the cross-sectional, nationally representative Ethiopian National Micronutrient Survey (ENMS) (<i>n</i> = 1776), which provided anthropometric and serum zinc (<i>n</i> = 1171) data on children aged 6⁻59 months. Soil zinc levels were extracted for each child from the digital soil map of Ethiopia, developed by the ...[more]

PMID: 30678175

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Pregnant women and children are the most vulnerable groups to zinc deficiency. Despite the presence of few primary studies, studies that could provide strong evidence that would help policymakers to develop appropriate interventional strategies in addressing zinc deficiency among pregnant women and children are limited in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the national pooled prevalence and associated factors of zinc deficiency among pregnant women and children. METHODS:We searched Pub Med, Scopus, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and Google for studies reported on zinc deficiency and associated factors among pregnant women and children. Search terms were 'zinc deficiency', 'zinc status', 'associated factors', 'children', 'pregnant women', and 'Ethiopia' using the boolean operators 'OR' or 'AND'. Searches were using English language. A preferred reporting item for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) checklist was used. Two authors independently reviewed the studies. The effect sizes of the meta-analysis were the prevalence of zinc deficiency and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of the associated factors. Finally, the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) version 3.3.07 was used for statistical analysis by applying the random-effects model and publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test. RESULTS:Thirteen studies (7 among pregnant women having total participants of 2371 pregnant women and 6 among children with total participants of 5154 children) were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Using the random-effects model, the pooled prevalence of zinc deficiency was 59.9% (95%CI: 51.9, 67.7%) and 38.4% (95%CI: 28.6, 49.4) among pregnant women and children, respectively. The associated factors for zinc deficiency among pregnant women were coffee intake (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) =1.76), low intake of animal source foods (AOR?=?2.57), and inadequate diet diversity (AOR?=?2.12). CONCLUSION:Overall, zinc deficiency among pregnant women and children is a significant public health concern in Ethiopia. Promoting dietary modification to enhance the bioavailability of zinc, improving diet diversity, and consuming animal source foods would help in alleviating and/or minimizing the problem among the target groups. Zinc supplementation could also be considered for pregnant women and children.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Evidences indicate that the risk of linear growth faltering is higher among children born from young mothers. Although such findings have been documented in various studies, they mainly originate from cross-sectional data and demographic and health surveys which are not designed to capture the growth trajectories of the same group of children. This study aimed to assess the association between young maternal age and linear growth of infants using data from a birth cohort study in Ethiopia. METHODS:A total of 1423 mother-infant pairs, from a birth cohort study in rural Ethiopia were included in this study. They were followed for five time points, with three months interval until the infants were 12?months old. However, the analysis was based on 1378 subjects with at least one additional follow-up measurement to the baseline. A team of data collectors including nurses collected questionnaire based data and anthropometric measurements from the dyads. We fitted linear mixed-effects model with random intercept and random slope to determine associations of young maternal age and linear growth of infants over the follow-up period after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS:Overall, 27.2% of the mothers were adolescents (15-19?years) and the mean?±?SD age of the mothers was 20?±?2?years. Infant Length for Age Z score (LAZ) at birth was negatively associated with maternal age of 15-19?years (??=?-?0.24, P?=?0.032). However, young maternal age had no significant association with linear growth of the infants over the follow-up time (P?=?0.105). Linear growth of infants was associated positively with improved maternal education and iron-folate intake during pregnancy and negatively with infant illness (P?<?0.05). CONCLUSION:Young maternal age had a significant negative association with LAZ score of infants at birth while its association over time was not influential on their linear growth. The fact that wide spread socio economic and environmental inequalities exist among mothers of all ages may have contributed to the non-significant association between young maternal age and linear growth faltering of infants. This leaves an opportunity to develop comprehensive interventions targeting for the infants to attain optimal catch-up growth.

Dataset Information

Soil Zinc Is Associated with Serum Zinc But Not with Linear Growth of Children in Ethiopia.

Publications

Soil Zinc Is Associated with Serum Zinc But Not with Linear Growth of Children in Ethiopia.

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