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Insects to feed insects - feeding Aedes mosquitoes with flies for laboratory rearing.

ABSTRACT: The black soldier fly, yellow mealworm and house fly are known for their wide distribution, ease of breeding, and environmental and nutritional attributes. Diets based on these fly proteins for the rearing of mosquito larvae are more accessible and affordable when compared to the reference IAEA diet which consists largely of costly livestock products such as bovine liver powder. Following a step-by-step assessment, we developed diet mixtures based on insect meal for the optimal mass production of Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti. Based on the assessed parameters including mosquito egg hatch, body size, flight ability, longevity and diet cost reduction, two mixtures are recommended: 1/2 tuna meal (TM) + 7/20 black soldier fly (BSF) + 3/20 brewer's yeast and 1/2 TM + 1/2 BSF. These findings, which could be adapted to other mosquito species, provide alternative protein sources for mass rearing insects for genetic control strategies.

SUBMITTER: Bimbile Somda NS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6684809 | biostudies-other | 2019 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Insects to feed insects - feeding Aedes mosquitoes with flies for laboratory rearing.

Bimbilé Somda Nanwintoum Séverin NS Maïga Hamidou H Mamai Wadaka W Yamada Hanano H Ali Adel A Konczal Anna A Gnankiné Olivier O Diabaté Abdoulaye A Sanon Antoine A Dabiré Kounbobr Roch KR Gilles Jérémie R L JRL Bouyer Jérémy J

Scientific reports 20190806 1

The black soldier fly, yellow mealworm and house fly are known for their wide distribution, ease of breeding, and environmental and nutritional attributes. Diets based on these fly proteins for the rearing of mosquito larvae are more accessible and affordable when compared to the reference IAEA diet which consists largely of costly livestock products such as bovine liver powder. Following a step-by-step assessment, we developed diet mixtures based on insect meal for the optimal mass production o ...[more]

PMID: 31388041

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Project description:BackgroundThe ability of blood-feeding arthropods to successfully acquire and transmit pathogens of medical and veterinary importance has been shown to be interfered with, or enhanced by, the arthropod's native microbiome. Mosquitoes transmit viruses, protozoan and filarial nematodes, the majority of which contribute to the 17% of infectious disease cases worldwide. Dirofilaria immitis, a mosquito-transmitted filarial nematodes of dogs and cats, is vectored by several mosquito species including Aedes aegypti.MethodsIn this study, we investigated the impact of D. immitis colonization on the microbiome of laboratory reared female Ae. aegypti. Metagenomic analysis of the V3-V4 variable region of the microbial 16S RNA gene was used for identification of the microbial differences down to species level.ResultsWe generated a total of 1068 OTUs representing 16 phyla, 181 genera and 271 bacterial species. Overall, in order of abundance, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the most represented phylum with D. immitis-infected mosquitoes having more of Proteobacteria (71%) than uninfected mosquitoes (56.9%). An interesting finding in this study is the detection of Klebsiella oxytoca in relatively similar abundance in infected and uninfected mosquitoes, suggesting a possible endosymbiotic relationship, and has been previously shown to indirectly compete for nutrients with fungi on domestic housefly eggs and larvae. While D. immitis colonization has no effect on the overall species richness, we identified significant differences in the composition of selected bacterial genera and phyla between the two groups. We also reported distinct compositional and phylogenetic differences in the individual bacterial species when commonly identified bacteria were compared.ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to understand the impact of a filarial infection on the microbiome of its mosquito vector. Further studies are required to identify bacteria species that could play an important role in the mosquito biology. While the microbiome composition of Ae. aegypti mosquito have been previously reported, our study shows that in an effort to establish itself, a filarial nematode modifies and alters the overall microbial diversity within its mosquito host.

Project description:BackgroundVertical transmission (VT) of arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) can serve as an essential link in the transmission cycle during adverse environmental conditions. The extent of VT among mosquito-borne arboviruses can vary significantly among different virus families and even among different viruses within the same genus. For example, orthobunyaviruses exhibit a higher VT rate than orthoflaviviruses and alphaviruses. Mosquitoes are also the natural hosts of a large number of insect-specific viruses (ISV) that belong to several virus families, including Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae. Cell fusing agent virus (CFAV), an insect-specific orthoflavivirus, displays higher VT rates than other dual-host orthoflaviviruses, such as Zika and dengue viruses. High VT rates require establishment of stabilized infections in the germinal tissues of female vectors. To delve deeper into understanding the mechanisms governing these differences in VT rates and the establishment of stabilized infections, the ovary infection patterns and VT of Zika virus (ZIKV) and CFAV were compared.MethodsLaboratory colonized Aedes aegypti females were infected with either ZIKV or CFAV by intrathoracic injection. Ovary infection patterns were monitored by in situ hybridization using virus-specific probes, and VT was determined by detecting the presence of the virus among the progeny, using a reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.ResultsBoth ZIKV and CFAV infect mosquito ovaries after intrathoracic injection. Infections then become widespread following a non-infectious blood meal. VT rates of ZIKV are similar to previously reported results (3.33%). CFAV, on the contrary transmits vertically very rarely. VT was not observed in the first gonotrophic cycle following intrathoracic injection, and only rarely in the second gonotrophic cycle. VT of CFAV is mosquito population independent, since similar results were obtained with Aedes aegypti collected from two different geographic locations.ConclusionsAlthough CFAV infects mosquito ovaries, the occurrence of VT remains infrequent in artificially infected Ae. aegypti, despite the observation of high VT rates in field-collected mosquitoes. These results suggest that infections of insect-specific viruses are stabilized in mosquitoes by some as yet unidentified mechanisms.

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Insects to feed insects - feeding Aedes mosquitoes with flies for laboratory rearing.

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Insects to feed insects - feeding Aedes mosquitoes with flies for laboratory rearing.

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