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Explanatory model of violent behaviours, self-concept and empathy in schoolchildren. Structural equations analysis.

ABSTRACT: The increased visibility of bullying cases has led the scientific community to be more interested in analysing the factors affecting these behaviours in order to reduce bullying cases and their negative consequences. The aim of this study was to define and contrast an explanatory model that makes it possible to analyse the relationships between self-concept, empathy and violent behaviours in schoolchildren through structural equation analysis. The sample of this study is made up of 734 schoolchildren from the province of Granada (Spain), both male and female, aged between 10 and 12, and it consists of analysing self-concept (AF-5), empathy levels (TECA) and violent behaviour at schools (ECV). A structural equation model was performed and successfully adjusted (χ2 = 563.203; DF = 59; p < 0.001; CFI = 0.943; NFI = 0.937; IFI = 0.943; RMSEA = 0.076). A positive and direct relationship between self-concept and cognitive empathy has been found; manifest aggression is negatively related to self-concept. Similarly, affective empathy has a negative relationship with relational aggression. The main conclusions of this study are that the levels of self-concept and empathy represent protective factors against the development of violent and victimisation behaviours in schoolchildren.

SUBMITTER: Castro-Sanchez M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6697324 | biostudies-other | 2019

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Explanatory model of violent behaviours, self-concept and empathy in schoolchildren. Structural equations analysis.

Castro-Sánchez Manuel M Zurita-Ortega Félix F Ruiz Gerardo Ruiz-Rico GR Chacón-Cuberos Ramón R

PloS one 20190816 8

The increased visibility of bullying cases has led the scientific community to be more interested in analysing the factors affecting these behaviours in order to reduce bullying cases and their negative consequences. The aim of this study was to define and contrast an explanatory model that makes it possible to analyse the relationships between self-concept, empathy and violent behaviours in schoolchildren through structural equation analysis. The sample of this study is made up of 734 schoolchi ...[more]

PMID: 31419233

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Project description:BackgroundNon-violent resistance which has involved healthcare workers has been instrumental in securing a number of health-related gains and a force in opposing threats to health. Despite this, we know little about healthcare workers who have engaged in acts of non-violent resistance.Research aimAmongst a sample of healthcare workers who had engaged in acts of resistance this study sought to explore their understanding of non-violent resistance and how or whether they felt healthcare workers made a distinct contribution to such action.Research designCross-sectional survey.Participants and research contextHealthcare workers (doctors, nurses, academics and others) from the UK and Europe who had engaged in acts of non-violent resistance.Ethical considerationsEthical approval for this study was granted by the University of Greenwich Human Research Ethics Committee (UREC/20.5.6.11).Findings/resultsMost participants spoke about the nature of non-violent resistance, its oppositional, didactic and symbolic functions and the role of violence or harm. While most people understood non-violent resistance as a public, oppositional and collective act, many identified more subtle everyday acts in the workplace that undermined policy or procedures they saw as harmful. When asked about distinctions in non-violent resistance carried out by healthcare workers, most participants referred to their standing in society, noting that healthcare works were a trusted and authoritative source. Some identified an ethical imperative to act while others identified the risks that came with such action, noting their accountability and responsibility they had to patients. About a quarter of participants felt that such action was no different to others carrying out non-violent resistance or dependent on the issue or nature of the action.ConclusionsThese findings speak to the complex and multifaceted nature of non-violent resistance. Additionally our findings suggest healthcare workers have a distinct role to play in leading and supporting non-violent actions.

Project description:ObjectivesChildhood obesity is increasingly prevalent in the developing world including Turkey. This study examined constructs of the integrated behavioural model associated with physical activity in a sample of schoolchildren in Ankara, Turkey using structural equation modelling.DesignCross-sectional survey by probability sampling.SettingFifteen schools of different socioeconomic strata in Ankara, Turkey with grade 4 students.Participants2066 (969 girls and 1097 boys) grade 4 schoolchildren and their parents selected using a probability-based sampling frame.Primary outcome measuresThree primary outcomes were used: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, team sport participation, sedentary behaviour.ResultsData were collected from 2066 fourth-grade children from schools of three socioeconomic strata. Missing data were imputed using multiple imputation. To examine the integrated behavioural model, a structural equation model containing latent constructs for physical activity outcome expectancies, self-efficacy, home environment and social norms were fitted with the three outcomes above. Adequate model fit was achieved in the structural equation model (χ2=1821.97, df=872, p<0.001, Comparative Fit Index=0.91, Tucker Lewis Index=0.91, root mean square error of approximation=0.02, standardised root mean square residual=0.04). All scale items were significantly associated with their respective latent constructs (all p<0.001). Several significant pathways between latent constructs and outcomes of interest were observed (p<0.05). Self-efficacy was positively associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (p<0.001) and team sport participation (p<0.001) and negatively associated with sedentary behaviour (p<0.001). Negative outcome expectancies were negatively associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (p<0.01) and sedentary behaviour (p<0.01) while positive outcome expectancies were positively associated with team sport behaviour (p<0.001) and negatively associated with sedentary behaviour (p<0.05). Home support was positively associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (p<0.01) and team sport participation (p<0.05). Finally, physical activity social norms were negatively associated with sedentary behaviour only (p<0.05).ConclusionsThis study supported the extension to Turkish children of the integrated behavioural model in relation to physical activity behaviours. Results illustrate multiple targets for interventions to increase physical activity.

Project description:ImportanceIndividuals who self-harm may have an increased risk of aggression toward others, but this association has been insufficiently investigated. More conclusive evidence may affect assessment, treatment interventions, and clinical guidelines.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between nonfatal self-harm and violent crime.Design, setting, and participantsThis population-based longitudinal cohort study, conducted from January 1, 1997, through December 31, 2013, studied all Swedish citizens born between 1982 and 1998 who were 15 years and older (N = 1 850 252). Individuals who emigrated from Sweden before the age of 15 years (n = 104 051) or immigrated to Sweden after the age of 13 years (ie, <2 years before the beginning of the follow-up; n = 22 009) were excluded. Data analysis was performed from April 21, 2016, to June 4, 2016.ExposuresReceipt of self-harm-associated clinical care.Main outcomes and measuresConviction of a violent crime according to the Swedish penal code.ResultsThe study cohort consisted of 1 850 525 individuals (950 382 males and 900 143 females), and the mean (SD) follow-up time was 8.1 (4.7) years (range, 0-17.0 years; minimum age, 15 years; maximum age, 32 years). During a mean follow-up period of 8.1 years, 55 185 individuals (3.0%) received clinical care for self-harm. The crude hazard ratio was 4.9 (95% CI, 4.8-5.0) for violent crime conviction in exposed individuals compared with the unexposed group. Women who self-harm were at particularly high risk for expressing violent behaviors. After adjustment for relevant psychiatric comorbidities and socioeconomic status, an almost doubled hazard of violent offense remained (hazard ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.8-1.9).Conclusions and relevanceSelf-harm is associated with an increased risk of conviction for a violent offense in both sexes. The risk of violence, as well as the risk of suicide and self-harm, should be assessed among offending and self-harming individuals.

Project description:Sexual selection is an intense evolutionary force, which operates through competition for the access to breeding resources. There are many cases where male copulatory success is highly asymmetric, and few males are able to sire most females. Two main hypotheses were proposed to explain this asymmetry: "female choice" and "male dominance". The literature reports contrasting results. This variability may reflect actual differences among studied populations, but it may also be generated by methodological differences and statistical shortcomings in data analysis. A review of the statistical methods used so far in lek studies, shows a prevalence of Linear Models (LM) and Generalized Linear Models (GLM) which may be affected by problems in inferring cause-effect relationships; multi-collinearity among explanatory variables and erroneous handling of non-normal and non-continuous distributions of the response variable. In lek breeding, selective pressure is maximal, because large numbers of males and females congregate in small arenas. We used a dataset on lekking fallow deer (Dama dama), to contrast the methods and procedures employed so far, and we propose a novel approach based on Generalized Structural Equations Models (GSEMs). GSEMs combine the power and flexibility of both SEM and GLM in a unified modeling framework. We showed that LMs fail to identify several important predictors of male copulatory success and yields very imprecise parameter estimates. Minor variations in data transformation yield wide changes in results and the method appears unreliable. GLMs improved the analysis, but GSEMs provided better results, because the use of latent variables decreases the impact of measurement errors. Using GSEMs, we were able to test contrasting hypotheses and calculate both direct and indirect effects, and we reached a high precision of the estimates, which implies a high predictive ability. In synthesis, we recommend the use of GSEMs in studies on lekking behaviour, and we provide guidelines to implement these models.

Dataset Information

Explanatory model of violent behaviours, self-concept and empathy in schoolchildren. Structural equations analysis.

Publications

Explanatory model of violent behaviours, self-concept and empathy in schoolchildren. Structural equations analysis.

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