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Association of diabetes-related kidney disease with cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Diabetes-related kidney disease is associated with end-stage renal disease and mortality, but opportunities remain to quantify its association with cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular morbidity outcomes. METHODS:We used the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database, 2010-2014, which includes specific health services records for employees and their dependents from a selection of large employers, health plans, and government and public organizations. We used administrative claims data to quantify the association between diabetes-related kidney disease and end-stage renal disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, and infections. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios of developing complications. RESULTS:Among 2.2 million patients with diabetes, 7.1% had diabetes-related kidney disease: 13.5%, stage 1-2; 33.8%, stage 3; 13.2% stages 4-5; 39.5%, unknown stage. In multivariable Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for demographic characteristics, baseline comorbid conditions, and total hospital days during the baseline period, hazard ratios for each outcome increased with greater diabetes-related kidney disease severity (stage 1-2 vs. stage 4-5) compared with no diabetes-related kidney disease: myocardial infarction, 1.2 (95% confidence interval 1.1-1.4) and 3.1 (2.9-3.4); congestive heart failure, 1.7 (1.6-1.9) and 5.6 (5.3-5.8); stroke, 1.3 (1.2-1.5) and 2.3 (2.1-2.5); infection, 1.4 (1.3-1.5) and 2.9 (2.8-3.0). Among patients with stage 4-5 disease, 36-month cumulative incidence was nearly 22.8% for congestive heart failure, and 25.8% for infections. CONCLUSIONS:Diabetes-related kidney disease appears to be formally diagnosed at a more advanced stage than might be expected, given clinical practice guidelines. Risks of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes are high.

SUBMITTER: Wetmore JB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6712860 | biostudies-other | 2019 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Association of diabetes-related kidney disease with cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.

Wetmore James B JB Li Suying S Ton Thanh G N TGN Peng Yi Y Hansen Michael K MK Neslusan Cheryl C Riley Ralph R Liu Jiannong J Gilbertson David T DT

BMC endocrine disorders 20190827 1

<h4>Background</h4>Diabetes-related kidney disease is associated with end-stage renal disease and mortality, but opportunities remain to quantify its association with cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular morbidity outcomes.<h4>Methods</h4>We used the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database, 2010-2014, which includes specific health services records for employees and their dependents from a selection of large employers, health plans, and government and public organizat ...[more]

PMID: 31455289

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Project description:Background and objectivesBlacks have high rates of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Diabetes and CKD, risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in the general population, are common among blacks. We sought to assess their contribution to cardiovascular disease and mortality in blacks.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsThis observational cohort study was of 3211 participants in the Jackson Heart Study (enrolled 2000-2004). Rates of incident stroke, incident coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular mortality were quantified in participants with diabetes, CKD (eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g, or both), or both through 2012, with a median follow-up of 6.99 years.ResultsFour hundred fifty-six (14.2%) participants had only diabetes, 257 (8.0%) had only CKD, 201 (6.3%) had both, and 2297 (71.5%) had neither. Diabetes without CKD was associated with excess risks of incident stroke, incident coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular mortality after adjustment for demographic and clinical covariates, including prevalent cardiovascular disease (excess incidence rates, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 4.7; 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.3 to 4.8; and 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 4.3 per 1000 person-years, respectively). CKD without diabetes was associated with comparable nonsignificant excess risks for incident stroke and coronary heart disease (2.5; 95% confidence interval, -0.1 to 5.2 and 2.4; 95% confidence interval, -0.8 to 5.5 per 1000 person-years, respectively) but a larger excess risk for cardiovascular mortality (7.3; 95% confidence interval, 3.0 to 11.5 per 1000 person-years). Diabetes and CKD together were associated with greater excess risks for incident stroke (13.8; 95% confidence interval, 5.3 to 22.3 per 1000 person-years), coronary heart disease (12.8; 95% confidence interval, 4.9 to 20.8 per 1000 person-years), and cardiovascular mortality (14.8; 95% confidence interval, 7.2 to 22.3 per 1000 person-years). The excess risks associated with the combination of diabetes and CKD were larger than those associated with established risk factors, including prevalent cardiovascular disease.ConclusionsThe combination of diabetes and kidney disease is associated with substantial excess risks of cardiovascular events and mortality among blacks.

Project description:Background and objectivesIn patients with CKD, elevated plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels are associated with greater cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the reference method for PTH measurement is disputed. It has been argued that measurement of nonoxidized PTH better reflects biologically active PTH than measurements with conventional assays.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsPTH and nonoxidized PTH levels were measured at study baseline in 535 patients with CKD with an eGFR range between 89 and 15 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Patients were followed over 5.1 years for the occurrence of acute heart failure, atherosclerotic events, CKD progression (doubling of serum creatinine or initiation of RRT), or all-cause death.ResultsAtherosclerotic events, acute heart failure, CKD progression, and deaths from any cause occurred in 116, 58, 73, and 85 patients, respectively. In Kaplan-Meier analyses, patients at the highest PTH and nonoxidized-PTH tertile (79-543 and 12-172 pg/ml, respectively) showed a higher rate of atherosclerotic events, acute heart failure, CKD progression, and death from any cause. After adjustment for eGFR and albuminuria, nonoxidized PTH was no longer associated with atherosclerotic events (hazard ratio third versus first tertile, 1.04 [95% confidence intervals, 0.62-1.75]), acute heart failure (hazard ratio third versus first tertile, 1.24 [95% confidence intervals, 0.59-2.62]), CKD progression (hazard ratio third versus first tertile, 0.93 [95% confidence intervals, 0.46-1.90]), and death from any cause (hazard ratio third versus first tertile, 1.23 [95% confidence intervals, 0.66-2.31]), and PTH lost its association with atherosclerotic events (hazard ratio third versus first tertile, 0.80 [95% confidence intervals, 0.46-1.38]) and CKD progression (hazard ratio third versus first tertile, 0.99 [95% confidence intervals, 0.46-2.10]), although it remained associated with acute heart failure (hazard ratio third versus first tertile, 2.76 [95% confidence intervals, 1.11-6.89]) and all-cause death (hazard ratio third versus first tertile, 2.35 [95% confidence intervals, 1.13-4.89]). After further adjustment for cardiovascular and kidney risk factors, PTH remained associated with all-cause death (hazard ratio third versus first tertile, 2.79 [95% confidence intervals, 1.32-5.89]), but with no other end point.ConclusionsIn a cohort of patients with CKD, PTH was associated with all-cause mortality; there was no association of nonoxidized PTH with any of the clinical outcomes examined.

Project description:BACKGROUND:In studies including the general population, the presence of non-malignant monoclonal gammopathy (MG) can be causally associated with kidney damage and shorter survival. We assessed whether the presence of an MG is associated with a higher risk of kidney failure or death in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS AND FINDINGS:Data were used from 3 prospective cohorts of individuals with CKD (not on dialysis or with a kidney transplant): (1) Renal Impairment in Secondary Care (RIISC, Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK, N = 878), (2) Salford Kidney Study (SKS, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK, N = 861), and (3) Renal Risk in Derby (RRID, Derby, UK, N = 1,739). Participants were excluded if they had multiple myeloma or any other B cell lymphoproliferative disorder with end-organ damage. Median age was 71.0 years, 50.6% were male, median estimated glomerular filtration rate was 42.3 ml/min/1.73 m2, and median urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio was 3.4 mg/mmol. All non-malignant MG was identified in the baseline serum of participants of RIISC. Further, light chain MG (LC-MG) was identified and studied in participants of RIISC, SKS, and RRID. Participants were followed up for kidney failure (defined as the initiation of dialysis or kidney transplantation) and death. Associations with the risk of kidney failure were estimated by competing-risks regression (handling death as a competing risk), and associations with death were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression. In total, 102 (11.6%) of the 878 RIISC participants had an MG. During a median follow-up time of 74.0 months, there were 327 kidney failure events and 202 deaths. The presence of MG was not associated with risk of kidney failure (univariable subhazard ratio [SHR] 0.97 [95% CI 0.68 to 1.38], P = 0.85; multivariable SHR 1.16 [95% CI 0.80 to 1.69], P = 0.43), and although there was a higher risk of death in univariable analysis (hazard ratio [HR] 2.13 [95% CI 1.49 to 3.02], P < 0.001), this was not significant in multivariable analysis (HR 1.37 [95% CI 0.93 to 2.00], P = 0.11). Fifty-five (1.6%) of the 3,478 participants from all 3 studies had LC-MG. During a median follow-up time of 62.5 months, 564 of the 3,478 participants progressed to kidney failure, and 803 died. LC-MG was not associated with risk of kidney failure (univariable SHR 1.07 [95% CI 0.58 to 1.96], P = 0.82; multivariable SHR 1.42 [95% CI 0.78 to 2.57], P = 0.26). There was a higher risk of death in those with LC-MG in the univariable model (HR 2.51 [95% CI 1.59 to 3.96], P < 0.001), but not in the multivariable model (HR 1.49 [95% CI 0.93 to 2.39], P = 0.10). An important limitation of this work was that only LC-MG, rather than any MG, could be identified in participants from SKS and RRID. CONCLUSIONS:The prevalence of MG was higher in this CKD cohort than that reported in the general population. However, the presence of an MG was not independently associated with a significantly higher risk of kidney failure or, unlike in the general population, risk of death.

Project description:BackgroundDiabetic kidney disease (DKD) is characterized by reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria, which play a pivotal role in both diagnosing and determining the disease's progression. This study aimed to assess the trajectory of these markers concerning age in individuals with DKD and identify predictive factors for the decline in eGFR decline, variation in albuminuria, mortality, and progression to renal replacement therapy (RRT).DesignThis retrospective cohort encompassed patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), divided into two age categories: <75 and ⩾75 years old.MethodsOver a 3-year span, the study evaluated eGFR (CKD-EPI) and 24-h albuminuria. Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to pinpoint factors associated with deteriorating renal function and mortality. Significance was set at p < 0.05, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed to illustrate renal and overall survival.ResultsThe analysis comprised 304 patients. Comparable eGFR declines were evident in both age groups during the transition from the first to the second year and from the second to the third year. Nonetheless, a more pronounced rise in albuminuria was evident in the ⩾75 years group during the first to the second year. Multivariate analysis unveiled that systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements in the first year positively forecasted eGFR decline. Age was associated with heightened albuminuria and mortality, while hospitalizations linked to cardiovascular causes robustly predicted mortality. Hospitalizations due to sepsis and cardiovascular reasons, coupled with first-year SBP measurements, served as predictive indicators for progression to RRT.ConclusionBoth age groups experienced similar declines in eGFR, though the ⩾75 years group displayed a more significant increase in albuminuria during the first to the second year. Age, hospitalizations, and higher blood pressure levels were correlated with exacerbated renal function deterioration and/or elevated mortality in DKD. Timely intervention and tailored management strategies stand as critical components for enhancing outcomes among DKD patients.

Project description:BackgroundThe FIDELIO-DKD trial (Finerenone in Reducing Kidney Failure and Disease Progression in Diabetic Kidney Disease) evaluated the effect of the nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone on kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes with optimized renin-angiotensin system blockade. Compared with placebo, finerenone reduced the composite kidney and cardiovascular outcomes. We report the effect of finerenone on individual cardiovascular outcomes and in patients with and without history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD).MethodsThis randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included patients with type 2 diabetes and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio 30 to 5000 mg/g and an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥25 to <75 mL per min per 1.73 m2, treated with optimized renin-angiotensin system blockade. Patients with a history of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction were excluded. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive finerenone or placebo. The composite cardiovascular outcome included time to cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Prespecified cardiovascular analyses included analyses of the components of this composite and outcomes according to CVD history at baseline.ResultsBetween September 2015 and June 2018, 13 911 patients were screened and 5674 were randomized; 45.9% of patients had CVD at baseline. Over a median follow-up of 2.6 years (interquartile range, 2.0-3.4 years), finerenone reduced the risk of the composite cardiovascular outcome compared with placebo (hazard ratio, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.75-0.99]; P=0.034), with no significant interaction between patients with and without CVD (hazard ratio, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.71-1.01] in patients with a history of CVD; hazard ratio, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.68-1.08] in patients without a history of CVD; P value for interaction, 0.85). The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between treatment arms, with a low incidence of hyperkalemia-related permanent treatment discontinuation (2.3% with finerenone versus 0.8% with placebo in patients with CVD and 2.2% with finerenone versus 1.0% with placebo in patients without CVD).ConclusionsAmong patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes, finerenone reduced incidence of the composite cardiovascular outcome, with no evidence of differences in treatment effect based on preexisting CVD status. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02540993.

Dataset Information

Association of diabetes-related kidney disease with cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.

Publications

Association of diabetes-related kidney disease with cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.

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