Dataset Information

T2D-GENES Multi-Ethnic Exome Sequencing Study: Hong Kong

ABSTRACT: The ~52,000 sample Type 2 Diabetes Exome Sequencing project is a collaboration of six consortia with various funding mechanisms that have joined together to investigate genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) using the largest T2D case/control sample set compiled to date. This includes samples from:

Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES)
Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes (GoT2D)
Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)
Slim Initiative in Genomic Medicine for the Americas (SIGMA)
Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCAMP)
Progress in Diabetes Genetics in Youth (ProDIGY)

This data generated from the Hong Kong cohort was part of the T2D-GENES (Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in multi-Ethnic Samples) consortium, which is a NIDDK-funded international research consortium that seeks to identify genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) through multiethnic sequencing studies. The T2D-GENES Project is a multi-ethnic sequencing study designed to assess whether less common variants play a role in T2D risk and to assess similarities and differences in the distribution of T2D risk variants across ancestry groups.

The individuals were obtained from over 20 cohorts across the 6 consortia that are listed in Table 1. The strategy was to perform deep exome sequencing of individuals, 24,991 with T2D and 24,953 controls, divided among five ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, American Hispanics, and African Americans. The T2D-GENES, ProDIGY and SIGMA studies, sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute using the Agilent v2 capture reagent or Illumina Rapid Capture on Illumina HiSeq machines. Please note that while we summarize the full sample list in publications and below, two of the cohorts below are not in dbGAP, due to the samples not being consented for deposition. This includes the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) study and Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCamp) study. The Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) was deposited in dbGAP as part of their initial study and the phs numbers for that project can be found here: https://esp.gs.washington.edu/drupal/dbGaP_Releases.

Table 1. 52,000 sample T2D Case/Control Whole Exome Sequencing Studies

Ancestry	Consortia	Study	Countries of Origin	# Cases	# Controls
African American	T2D-GENES Project 1	Jackson Heart Study	US	500	526
African American	T2D-GENES Project 1	Wake Forest School of Medicine Study	US	518	530
African American	ESP	Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)	US	467	1374
African American	T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study	BioMe Biobank Program (BioMe)	US	1297	1256
East Asian	T2D-GENES Project 1	Korea Association Research Project	Korea	526	561
East Asian	T2D-GENES Project 1 and Follow-Up Study	Singapore Diabetes Cohort Study; Singapore Prospective Study Program	Singapore (Chinese)	1486	1568
East Asian	T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study	Korea SNUH	South Korea	450	475
East Asian	T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study	Research Studies in Hong Kong (Hong Kong)	Hong Kong	493	485
European	T2D-GENES Project 1	Ashkenazi	US, Israel	506	352
European	T2D-GENES Project 1	Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM)	Finland	484	498
European	GoT2D	Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study	Finland	472	476
European	GoT2D	Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA)	Germany	97	90
European	GoT2D	UK Type 2 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (UKT2D)	UK	322	320
European	GoT2D	Malmö-Botnia Study	Finland, Sweden	478	443
European	LuCamp	Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCamp)	Denmark	997	997
European	ESP	Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)	US	390	2843
European	T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study	Genetics of Diabetes and Audit Research Tayside Study (GoDARTS)	Scotland, UK	960	966
European	T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study	Framingham Heart Study (FHS)	US	396	596
Hispanic	T2D-GENES Project 1	San Antonio Family Heart Study, San Antonio Family Diabetes/ Gallbladder Study, Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study, and the Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Study Family Component	US	272	218
Hispanic	T2D-GENES Project 1 and SIGMA v2	Starr County, Texas	US	1762	1738
Hispanic	SIGMA v1	Mexico City Diabetes Study	Mexico	281	549
Hispanic	SIGMA v1 and SIGMA v2	Multiethnic Cohort (MEC)	US	1476	1443
Hispanic	SIGMA v1 and SIGMA v2	UNAM/INCMNSZ Diabetes Study (UIDS)	Mexico	1998	1977
Hispanic	SIGMA v1 and SIGMA v2	Diabetes in Mexico Study (DMS)	Mexico	1522	1546
Multiethnic	ProDIGY	Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY)	US	3097	0
Multiethnic	ProDIGY	SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH)	US	553	0
South Asian	T2D-GENES Project 1	London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP)	UK (Indian Asian)	531	538
South Asian	T2D-GENES Project 1 and Follow-Up Study	Singapore Indian Eye Study	Singapore (Indian Asian)	1640	1478
South Asian	T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study	Pakistan Risk of Myocardial Infarction Study (PROMIS)	Pakistan	914	932

The research studies in Hong Kong contributed 493 cases and 485 controls to T2D-GENES Follow-Up study.

PROVIDER: phs001504 | dbGaP |

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA422326PRJNA422325

REPOSITORIES: dbGaP

ACCESS DATA

Dataset's files

Source:

			Action	DRS
	GapExchange_phs001504.v1.p1.xml	Xml
	dbGaPEx2.1.5.xsd	Other
	Study_Report.phs001504.T2D_GENES_HongKong.v1.p1.MULTI.pdf	Pdf
	manifest_phs001504.T2D_GENES_HongKong.v1.p1.c1.DS-ENDO-IRB-NPU-MDS.pdf	Pdf
	datadict_v2.xsl	Other

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Project description:The ~52,000 sample Type 2 Diabetes Exome Sequencing project is a collaboration of six consortia with various funding mechanisms that have joined together to investigate genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) using the largest T2D case/control sample set compiled to date. This includes samples from: <ul> <li>Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES)</li> <li>Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes (GoT2D)</li> <li>Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)</li> <li>Slim Initiative in Genomic Medicine for the Americas (SIGMA)</li> <li>Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCAMP)</li> <li>Progress in Diabetes Genetics in Youth (ProDIGY)</li> </ul> This data generated from the BioMe Biobank cohort was part of the T2D-GENES (Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in multi-Ethnic Samples) consortium, which is a NIDDK-funded international research consortium that seeks to identify genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) through multiethnic sequencing studies. The T2D-GENES Project is a multi-ethnic sequencing study designed to assess whether less common variants play a role in T2D risk and to assess similarities and differences in the distribution of T2D risk variants across ancestry groups. The individuals were obtained from over 20 cohorts across the 6 consortia that are listed in Table 1. The strategy was to perform deep exome sequencing of individuals, 24,991 with T2D and 24,953 controls, divided among five ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, American Hispanics, and African Americans. The T2D-GENES, ProDIGY and SIGMA studies, sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute using the Agilent v2 capture reagent or Illumina Rapid Capture on Illumina HiSeq machines. Please note that while we summarize the full sample list in publications and below, two of the cohorts below are not in dbGAP, due to the samples not being consented for deposition. This includes the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) study and Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCamp) study. The Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) was deposited in dbGAP as part of their initial study and the phs numbers for that project can be found here: https://esp.gs.washington.edu/drupal/dbGaP_Releases. Table 1. 52,000 sample T2D Case/Control Whole Exome Sequencing Studies <table border="1"> <tr> <th>Ancestry</th> <th>Consortia</th> <th>Study</th> <th>Countries of Origin</th> <th># Cases</th> <th># Controls</th> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Jackson Heart Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>502</td> <td>527</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Wake Forest School of Medicine Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>518</td> <td>532</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>ESP</td> <td>Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)</td> <td>US</td> <td>467</td> <td>1374</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study</td> <td>BioMe Biobank Program (BioMe)</td> <td>US</td> <td>1294</td> <td>1254</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Korea Association Research Project</td> <td>Korea</td> <td>526</td> <td>561</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1 and Follow-Up Study</td> <td>Singapore Diabetes Cohort Study; Singapore Prospective Study Program</td> <td>Singapore (Chinese)</td> <td>1486</td> <td>1568</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study</td> <td>Korea SNUH</td> <td>South Korea</td> <td>450</td> <td>475</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study</td> <td>Research Studies in Hong Kong (Hong Kong)</td> <td>Hong Kong</td> <td>493</td> <td>485</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Ashkenazi</td> <td>US, Israel</td> <td>506</td> <td>355</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM)</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>484</td> <td>498</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>472</td> <td>476</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA)</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>97</td> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>UK Type 2 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (UKT2D)</td> <td>UK</td> <td>322</td> <td>320</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>Malmö-Botnia Study</td> <td>Finland, Sweden</td> <td>478</td> <td>443</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>LuCamp</td> <td>Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCamp)</td> <td>Denmark</td> <td>997</td> <td>997</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>ESP</td> <td>Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)</td> <td>US</td> <td>390</td> <td>2843</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study</td> <td>Genetics of Diabetes and Audit Research Tayside Study (GoDARTS)</td> <td>Scotland, UK</td> <td>960</td> <td>966</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study</td> <td>Framingham Heart Study (FHS)</td> <td>US</td> <td>396</td> <td>596</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>San Antonio Family Heart Study, San Antonio Family Diabetes/ Gallbladder Study, Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study, and the Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Study Family Component</td> <td>US</td> <td>272</td> <td>218</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1 and SIGMA v2</td> <td>Starr County, Texas</td> <td>US</td> <td>1762</td> <td>1738</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMA v1</td> <td>Mexico City Diabetes Study</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>281</td> <td>549</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMA v1 and SIGMA v2</td> <td>Multiethnic Cohort (MEC)</td> <td>US</td> <td>1476</td> <td>1443</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMA v1 and SIGMA v2</td> <td>UNAM/INCMNSZ Diabetes Study (UIDS)</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>1998</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMA v1 and SIGMA v2</td> <td>Diabetes in Mexico Study (DMS)</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>1522</td> <td>1546</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Multiethnic</td> <td>ProDIGY</td> <td>Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY)</td> <td>US</td> <td>3097</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Multiethnic</td> <td>ProDIGY</td> <td>SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH)</td> <td>US</td> <td>553</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP)</td> <td>UK (Indian Asian)</td> <td>531</td> <td>538</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1 and Follow-Up Study</td> <td>Singapore Indian Eye Study</td> <td>Singapore (Indian Asian)</td> <td>1640</td> <td>1478</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study</td> <td>Pakistan Genomic Resource (PGR)</td> <td>Pakistan</td> <td>914</td> <td>932</td> </tr> </table> The BioMe Biobank study contributed 1294 cases and 1254 controls to T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study.

Project description:The ~52,000 sample Type 2 Diabetes Exome Sequencing project is a collaboration of six consortia with various funding mechanisms that have joined together to investigate genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) using the largest T2D case/control sample set compiled to date. This includes samples from: <ul> <li>Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES)</li> <li>Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes (GoT2D)</li> <li>Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)</li> <li>Slim Initiative in Genomic Medicine for the Americas (SIGMA)</li> <li>Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCAMP)</li> <li>Progress in Diabetes Genetics in Youth (ProDIGY)</li> </ul> This data generated from the Pakistan Genomic Resource (PGR) cohort was part of the T2-GENES (Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in multi-Ethnic Samples) consortium, which is a NIDDK-funded international research consortium that seeks to identify genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) through multiethnic sequencing studies. The T2D-GENES Project is a multi-ethnic sequencing study designed to assess whether less common variants play a role in T2D risk and to assess similarities and differences in the distribution of T2D risk variants across ancestry groups. The individuals were obtained from over 20 cohorts across the 6 consortia that are listed in Table 1. The strategy was to perform deep exome sequencing of individuals, 24,991 with T2D and 24,953 controls, divided among five ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, American Hispanics, and African Americans. The T2D-GENES, ProDIGY and SIGMA studies, sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute using the Agilent v2 capture reagent or Illumina Rapid Capture on Illumina HiSeq machines. Please note that while we summarize the full sample list in publications and below, two of the cohorts below are not in dbGAP, due to the samples not being consented for deposition. This includes the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) study and Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCamp) study. The Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) was deposited in dbGAP as part of their initial study and the phs numbers for that project can be found here: https://esp.gs.washington.edu/drupal/dbGaP_Releases. Table 1. 52,000 sample T2D Case/Control Whole Exome Sequencing Studies <table border="1"> <tr> <th>Ancestry</th> <th>Consortia</th> <th>Study</th> <th>Countries of Origin</th> <th># Cases</th> <th># Controls</th> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Jackson Heart Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>502</td> <td>527</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Wake Forest School of Medicine Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>518</td> <td>532</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>ESP</td> <td>Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)</td> <td>US</td> <td>467</td> <td>1374</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study</td> <td>BioMe Biobank Program (BioMe)</td> <td>US</td> <td>1297</td> <td>1256</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Korea Association Research Project</td> <td>Korea</td> <td>526</td> <td>561</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1 and Follow-Up Study</td> <td>Singapore Diabetes Cohort Study; Singapore Prospective Study Program</td> <td>Singapore (Chinese)</td> <td>1486</td> <td>1568</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study</td> <td>Korea SNUH</td> <td>South Korea</td> <td>450</td> <td>475</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study</td> <td>Research Studies in Hong Kong (Hong Kong)</td> <td>Hong Kong</td> <td>493</td> <td>485</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Ashkenazi</td> <td>US, Israel</td> <td>506</td> <td>355</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM)</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>484</td> <td>498</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>472</td> <td>476</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA)</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>97</td> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>UK Type 2 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (UKT2D)</td> <td>UK</td> <td>322</td> <td>320</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>Malmö-Botnia Study</td> <td>Finland, Sweden</td> <td>478</td> <td>443</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>LuCamp</td> <td>Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCamp)</td> <td>Denmark</td> <td>997</td> <td>997</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>ESP</td> <td>Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)</td> <td>US</td> <td>390</td> <td>2843</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study</td> <td>Genetics of Diabetes and Audit Research Tayside Study (GoDARTS)</td> <td>Scotland, UK</td> <td>960</td> <td>966</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study</td> <td>Framingham Heart Study (FHS)</td> <td>US</td> <td>396</td> <td>596</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>San Antonio Family Heart Study, San Antonio Family Diabetes/ Gallbladder Study, Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study, and the Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Study Family Component</td> <td>US</td> <td>272</td> <td>218</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1 and SIGMA v2</td> <td>Starr County, Texas</td> <td>US</td> <td>1762</td> <td>1738</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMA v1</td> <td>Mexico City Diabetes Study</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>281</td> <td>549</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMA v1 and SIGMA v2</td> <td>Multiethnic Cohort (MEC)</td> <td>US</td> <td>1476</td> <td>1443</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMA v1 and SIGMA v2</td> <td>UNAM/INCMNSZ Diabetes Study (UIDS)</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>1998</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMA v1 and SIGMA v2</td> <td>Diabetes in Mexico Study (DMS)</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>1522</td> <td>1546</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Multiethnic</td> <td>ProDIGY</td> <td>Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY)</td> <td>US</td> <td>3097</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Multiethnic</td> <td>ProDIGY</td> <td>SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH)</td> <td>US</td> <td>553</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP)</td> <td>UK (Indian Asian)</td> <td>531</td> <td>538</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1 and Follow-Up Study</td> <td>Singapore Indian Eye Study</td> <td>Singapore (Indian Asian)</td> <td>1640</td> <td>1478</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study</td> <td>Pakistan Genomic Resource (PGR)</td> <td>Pakistan</td> <td>903</td> <td>930</td> </tr> </table> The PGR study contributed 903 cases and 930 controls to T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study.

Project description:The ~52,000 sample Type 2 Diabetes Exome Sequencing project is a collaboration of six consortia with various funding mechanisms that have joined together to investigate genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) using the largest T2D case/control sample set compiled to date. This includes samples from: <ul> <li>Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in multi-Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES)</li> <li>Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes (GoT2D)</li> <li>Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)</li> <li>Slim Initiative in Genomic Medicine for the Americas: Type 2 Diabetes (SIGMA T2D)</li> <li>Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCAMP)</li> <li>Progress in Diabetes Genetics in Youth (ProDIGY)</li> </ul> This data generated from the SIGMA Diabetes in Mexico Study (DMS) was part of the Slim Initiative in Genomic Medicine for the Americas: Type 2 Diabetes (SIGMA T2D), which is an international research consortium funded by the Carlos Slim Foundation that seeks to identify the genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Mexico and Latin America and translate those findings into improved treatment and prevention of diabetes. The SIGMA T2D project has sequenced and genotyped more than 13,000 samples from Mexican and Mexican Americans. The individuals were obtained from over 20 cohorts across the 6 consortia that are listed in Table 1. The strategy was to perform deep exome sequencing of individuals, 24,991 with T2D and 24,953 controls, divided among five ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, American Hispanics, and African Americans. The T2D-GENES, ProDIGY and SIGMA studies, sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute using the Agilent v2 capture reagent or Illumina Rapid Capture on Illumina HiSeq machines. Please note that while we summarize the full sample list in publications and below, two of the cohorts below are not in dbGAP, due to the samples not being consented for deposition. This includes the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) study and Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCamp) study. The Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) was deposited in dbGAP as part of their initial study and the phs numbers for that project can be found here: <a href="https://esp.gs.washington.edu/drupal/dbGaP_Releases">https://esp.gs.washington.edu/drupal/dbGaP_Releases</a>. <table style="width:100%" border="1"> <caption>Table 1. 52,000 sample T2D Case/Control Whole Exome Sequencing Studies</caption> <tr> <th>Ancestry</th> <th>Consortia</th> <th>Study</th> <th>Countries of Origin</th> <th># Cases</th> <th># Controls</th> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Jackson Heart Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>500</td> <td>526</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Wake Forest School of Medicine Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>518</td> <td>530</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>ESP</td> <td>Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)</td> <td>US</td> <td>467</td> <td>1374</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow up study</td> <td>BioMe Biobank Program (BioMe)</td> <td>US</td> <td>1297</td> <td>1256</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Korea Association Research Project</td> <td>Korea</td> <td>526</td> <td>561</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1& Follow up Study</td> <td>Singapore Diabetes Cohort Study; Singapore Prospective Study Program</td> <td>Singapore (Chinese)</td> <td>1486</td> <td>1568</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow up study</td> <td>Korea SNUH</td> <td>South Korea</td> <td>450</td> <td>475</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow up study</td> <td>Research Studies in Hong Kong (Hong Kong)</td> <td>Hong Kong</td> <td>493</td> <td>485</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Ashkenazi</td> <td>US, Israel</td> <td>506</td> <td>355</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM)</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>484</td> <td>498</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>472</td> <td>476</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA)</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>97</td> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>UK Type 2 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (UKT2D)</td> <td>UK</td> <td>322</td> <td>320</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>Malmo-Botnia Study</td> <td>Finland, Sweden</td> <td>478</td> <td>443</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>LuCamp</td> <td>Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCamp)</td> <td>Denmark</td> <td>997</td> <td>997</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>ESP</td> <td>Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)</td> <td>US</td> <td>390</td> <td>2843</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow up study</td> <td>Genetics of Diabetes and Audit Research Tayside Study (GoDARTS)</td> <td>Scotland, UK</td> <td>960</td> <td>966</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow up study</td> <td>Framingham Heart Study (FHS)</td> <td>US</td> <td>396</td> <td>596</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>San Antonio Family Heart Study, San Antonio Family Diabetes/ Gallbladder Study, Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study, and the Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Study Family Component</td> <td>US</td> <td>272</td> <td>218</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1 & SIGMAv2</td> <td>Starr County, Texas</td> <td>US</td> <td>1762</td> <td>1738</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMAv1</td> <td>Mexico City Diabetes Study</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>281</td> <td>549</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMAv1 & v2</td> <td>Multiethnic Cohort (MEC)</td> <td>US</td> <td>1476</td> <td>1443</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMAv1 & v2</td> <td>UNAM/INCMNSZ Diabetes Study (UIDS)</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>1998</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMAv1 & v2</td> <td>Diabetes in Mexico Study (DMS)</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>1522</td> <td>1546</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Multi ethnic</td> <td>ProDIGY</td> <td>Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY)</td> <td>US</td> <td>3097</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Multi ethnic</td> <td>ProDIGY</td> <td>SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH)</td> <td>US</td> <td>553</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP)</td> <td>UK (Indian Asian)</td> <td>531</td> <td>538</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1 & Follow up study</td> <td>Singapore Indian Eye Study</td> <td>Singapore (Indian Asian)</td> <td>1640</td> <td>1478</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow up study</td> <td>Pakistan Genomic Resource (PGR)</td> <td>Pakistan</td> <td>914</td> <td>932</td> </tr> </table> The Diabetes in Mexico Study (DMS) study contributed 1,522 cases and 1,546 controls to the 52k T2D exome sequencing study.

Project description:T2D-GENES (Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-Generation Sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples) is a NIDDK-funded international research consortium which seeks to identify genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) through multiethnic sequencing studies. T2D-GENES Project 1 is a multi-ethnic sequencing study designed to assess whether less common variants play a role in T2D risk and to assess similarities and differences in the distribution of T2D risk variants across ancestry groups. The individuals were obtained from 14 cohorts that are listed in Table 1. The strategy was to perform deep exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals, 6,504 with T2D and 6,436 controls, divided among five ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, American Hispanics, and African Americans. Sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute using the Agilent v2 capture reagent on Illumina HiSeq machines. Please note that while we summarize the full sample list in publications and below, the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) study does not have a sub study, as it is not consented to be deposited in dbGAP. Table 1. T2D-GENES Whole Exome Sequencing Studies <table border="1"> <tr> <th>Ancestry</th> <th>Study</th> <th>Countries of Origin</th> <th># Cases</th> <th># Controls</th> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>Jackson Heart Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>502</td> <td>527</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>Wake Forest School of Medicine Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>518</td> <td>532</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>Korea Association Research Project</td> <td>Korea</td> <td>526</td> <td>561</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>Singapore Diabetes Cohort Study; Singapore Prospective Study Program</td> <td>Singapore (Chinese)</td> <td>486</td> <td>592</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Ashkenazi</td> <td>US, Israel</td> <td>506</td> <td>352</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM)</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>484</td> <td>498</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>472</td> <td>476</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA)</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>97</td> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>UK Type 2 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (UKT2D)</td> <td>UK</td> <td>322</td> <td>320</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Malmö-Botnia Study</td> <td>Finland, Sweden</td> <td>478</td> <td>443</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>San Antonio Family Heart Study, San Antonio Family Diabetes/ Gallbladder Study, Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study, and the Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Study Family Component</td> <td>US</td> <td>272</td> <td>219</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>Starr County, Texas</td> <td>US</td> <td>749</td> <td>704</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP)</td> <td>UK (Indian Asian)</td> <td>530</td> <td>538</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>Singapore Indian Eye Study</td> <td>Singapore (Indian Asian)</td> <td>563</td> <td>585</td> </tr> </table> The Korea Association Research Project (KARE) studies contributed 526 cases and 561 controls to T2D-GENES Project 1.

Project description:T2D-GENES (Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-Generation Sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples) is a NIDDK-funded international research consortium which seeks to identify genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) through multiethnic sequencing studies. T2D-GENES Project 1 is a multi-ethnic sequencing study designed to assess whether less common variants play a role in T2D risk and to assess similarities and differences in the distribution of T2D risk variants across ancestry groups. The individuals were obtained from 14 cohorts that are listed in Table 1. The strategy was to perform deep exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals, 6,504 with T2D and 6,436 controls, divided among five ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, American Hispanics, and African Americans. Sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute using the Agilent v2 capture reagent on Illumina HiSeq machines. Please note that while we summarize the full sample list in publications and below, the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) study does not have a sub study, as it is not consented to be deposited in dbGAP. Table 1. T2D-GENES Whole Exome Sequencing Studies <table border="1"> <tr> <th>Ancestry</th> <th>Study</th> <th>Countries of Origin</th> <th># Cases</th> <th># Controls</th> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>Jackson Heart Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>502</td> <td>527</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>Wake Forest School of Medicine Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>518</td> <td>532</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>Korea Association Research Project</td> <td>Korea</td> <td>526</td> <td>561</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>Singapore Diabetes Cohort Study; Singapore Prospective Study Program</td> <td>Singapore (Chinese)</td> <td>486</td> <td>592</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Ashkenazi</td> <td>US, Israel</td> <td>506</td> <td>352</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM)</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>484</td> <td>498</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>472</td> <td>476</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA)</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>97</td> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>UK Type 2 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (UKT2D)</td> <td>UK</td> <td>322</td> <td>320</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Malmö-Botnia Study</td> <td>Finland, Sweden</td> <td>478</td> <td>443</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>San Antonio Family Heart Study, San Antonio Family Diabetes/ Gallbladder Study, Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study, and the Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Study Family Component</td> <td>US</td> <td>272</td> <td>219</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>Starr County, Texas</td> <td>US</td> <td>749</td> <td>704</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP)</td> <td>UK (Indian Asian)</td> <td>530</td> <td>538</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>Singapore Indian Eye Study</td> <td>Singapore (Indian Asian)</td> <td>563</td> <td>585</td> </tr> </table> The Ashkenazi study contributed 506 cases and 352 controls to T2D-GENES Project 1.

Project description:T2D-GENES (Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-Generation Sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples) is a NIDDK-funded international research consortium which seeks to identify genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) through multiethnic sequencing studies. T2D-GENES Project 1 is a multi-ethnic sequencing study designed to assess whether less common variants play a role in T2D risk and to assess similarities and differences in the distribution of T2D risk variants across ancestry groups. The individuals were obtained from 14 cohorts that are listed in Table 1. The strategy was to perform deep exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals, 6,504 with T2D and 6,436 controls, divided among five ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, American Hispanics, and African Americans. Sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute using the Agilent v2 capture reagent on Illumina HiSeq machines. Please note that while we summarize the full sample list in publications and below, the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) study does not have a sub study, as it is not consented to be deposited in dbGAP. Table 1. T2D-GENES Whole Exome Sequencing Studies <table border="1"> <tr> <th>Ancestry</th> <th>Study</th> <th>Countries of Origin</th> <th># Cases</th> <th># Controls</th> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>Jackson Heart Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>502</td> <td>527</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>Wake Forest School of Medicine Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>518</td> <td>532</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>Korea Association Research Project</td> <td>Korea</td> <td>526</td> <td>561</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>Singapore Diabetes Cohort Study; Singapore Prospective Study Program</td> <td>Singapore (Chinese)</td> <td>486</td> <td>592</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Ashkenazi</td> <td>US, Israel</td> <td>506</td> <td>352</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM)</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>484</td> <td>498</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>472</td> <td>476</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA)</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>97</td> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>UK Type 2 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (UKT2D)</td> <td>UK</td> <td>322</td> <td>320</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Malmö-Botnia Study</td> <td>Finland, Sweden</td> <td>478</td> <td>443</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>San Antonio Family Heart Study, San Antonio Family Diabetes/ Gallbladder Study, Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study, and the Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Study Family Component</td> <td>US</td> <td>272</td> <td>219</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>Starr County, Texas</td> <td>US</td> <td>749</td> <td>704</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP)</td> <td>UK (Indian Asian)</td> <td>530</td> <td>538</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>Singapore Indian Eye Study</td> <td>Singapore (Indian Asian)</td> <td>563</td> <td>585</td> </tr> </table> The Singapore studies contributed 1049 cases and 1177 controls to T2D-GENES Project 1.

Project description:T2D-GENES (Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-Generation Sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples) is a NIDDK-funded international research consortium which seeks to identify genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) through multiethnic sequencing studies. T2D-GENES Project 1 is a multi-ethnic sequencing study designed to assess whether less common variants play a role in T2D risk and to assess similarities and differences in the distribution of T2D risk variants across ancestry groups. The individuals were obtained from 14 cohorts that are listed in Table 1. The strategy was to perform deep exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals, 6,504 with T2D and 6,436 controls, divided among five ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, American Hispanics, and African Americans. Sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute using the Agilent v2 capture reagent on Illumina HiSeq machines. Please note that while we summarize the full sample list in publications and below, the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) study does not have a sub study, as it is not consented to be deposited in dbGAP. Table 1. T2D-GENES Whole Exome Sequencing Studies <table border="1"> <tr> <th>Ancestry</th> <th>Study</th> <th>Countries of Origin</th> <th># Cases</th> <th># Controls</th> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>Jackson Heart Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>502</td> <td>527</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>Wake Forest School of Medicine Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>518</td> <td>532</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>Korea Association Research Project</td> <td>Korea</td> <td>526</td> <td>561</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>Singapore Diabetes Cohort Study; Singapore Prospective Study Program</td> <td>Singapore (Chinese)</td> <td>486</td> <td>592</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Ashkenazi</td> <td>US, Israel</td> <td>506</td> <td>352</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM)</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>484</td> <td>498</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>472</td> <td>476</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA)</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>97</td> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>UK Type 2 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (UKT2D)</td> <td>UK</td> <td>322</td> <td>320</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>Malmö-Botnia Study</td> <td>Finland, Sweden</td> <td>478</td> <td>443</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>San Antonio Family Heart Study, San Antonio Family Diabetes/ Gallbladder Study, Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study, and the Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Study Family Component</td> <td>US</td> <td>272</td> <td>219</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>Starr County, Texas</td> <td>US</td> <td>749</td> <td>704</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP)</td> <td>UK (Indian Asian)</td> <td>530</td> <td>538</td> </tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>Singapore Indian Eye Study</td> <td>Singapore (Indian Asian)</td> <td>563</td> <td>585</td> </table> The London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP) contributed 530 cases and 538 controls to T2D-GENES Project 1.

Project description:GOAL: Identification of genes and/or pathways involved in the pathogenesis of animal models of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Total RNA samples were extracted from synovial fibroblast ex vivo cultures or whole joints (J), isolated from arthritic mice (197, DARE) and their corresponding normal (F1, wt) littermates. Fluorescent-labeled cRNA probes were utilized to hybridize (in duplicates for 197, indicated by "new") the Affymetrix Mu11K oligonucleotide DNA chipset (A+B). In detail the samples are: <table> <tr> <td> Animal model </td> <td> Sample source </td> <td> Sample name </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Tg197 </td> <td> Tg197 ex-vivo cultured synoviocyte populations </td> <td> 197 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Tg197 </td> <td> Tg197 ex-vivo cultured synoviocyte populations </td> <td> 197new </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Tg197 </td> <td> wt ex-vivo cultured synoviocyte populations </td> <td> F1 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Tg197 </td> <td> wt ex-vivo cultured synoviocyte populations </td> <td> F1new </td> </tr> <tr> </tr> <tr> <td> Tg197 </td> <td> Tg197 whole joints </td> <td> 197J </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Tg197 </td> <td> Tg197 whole joints </td> <td> 197Jnew </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Tg197 </td> <td> wt whole joints </td> <td> F1J </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Tg197 </td> <td> wt whole joints </td> <td> F1Jnew </td> </tr> <tr> </tr> <tr> <td> DARE </td> <td> DARE ex-vivo cultured synoviocyte populations </td> <td> DARE </td> </tr> <tr> <td> DARE </td> <td> wt ex-vivo cultured synoviocyte populations </td> <td> wt </td> </tr> <tr> <td> DARE </td> <td> DARE whole joints </td> <td> DAREJ </td> </tr> <tr> <td> DARE </td> <td> wt whole joints </td> <td> wtJ </td> </tr> </table> Submitted files carry the extension A or B, corresponding to the subArrays of chipset Mu11K. Arthritic samples were always compared with the corresponding wt sample and not to a common reference chip.

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T2D-GENES Multi-Ethnic Exome Sequencing Study: Hong Kong

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