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Environmental and genetic regulation of white-opaque switching in Candida tropicalis

ABSTRACT: Phenotypic switching is a strategy by which microbial organisms adapt to environmental changes. The human fungal pathogens, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, are closely related species and capable of undergoing morphological transitions. C. albicans primarily exists in human or warm-blooded animals as a commensal, whereas C. tropicalis not only exists as a commensal but also is widely distributed in the environment. In this study, To elucidate the regulatory mechanism of environmental pH on white-opaque switching in C. tropicalis, we performed RNA-Seq analysis under three pH conditions (pH 5.0, pH 7.0, and pH 8.0).

ORGANISM(S): Candida tropicalis

PROVIDER: GSE101999 | GEO | 2018/08/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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pH regulates white-opaque switching and sexual mating in Candida albicans

Project description:As a successful commensal and pathogen of humans, Candida albicans encounters a wide range of environmental changes. Among them, ambient pH is an important factor, which changes frequently and affects many biological processes in this species. The ability to adapt to pH changes is tightly linked with pathogenesis and morphogenesis. In this study, we report that pH has a profound effect on white-opaque switching and sexual mating in C. albicans. Acidic pHs promote white-to-opaque switching but repress sexual mating of opaque cells. The cAMP signaling and Rim101-mediated pH sensing pathways are involved in the regulation of pH-regulated white-opaque switching. Interestingly, white and opaque cells of the cyr1/cyr1 mutant, which is defective in producing cAMP, show distinct growth defects under acidic and alkaline conditions. Phr2 could play a major role in acidic pHs-induced opaque cell formation. We further discover that acidic pH conditions repress sexual mating due to the failure of activation of the Ste2-mediated a-pheromone response pathway. The effects of pH changes on phenotypic switching and sexual mating could be a balance behavior between host adaptation and sexual reproduction.

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The gray phenotype in the human fungal pathogen Candida tropicalis

Project description:Phenotypic plasticity, the ability to switch between different morphological types, plays critical roles in environmental adaptation, leading to infections, and allowing for sexual reproduction in pathogenic Candida species. Candida tropicalis, which is both an emerging human fungal pathogen and an environmental fungus, can switch between two heritable cell types termed white and opaque. In this study, we report the discovery of a novel phenotype in C. tropicalis, named the gray phenotype. Similar to Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis, white, gray, and opaque cell types of C. tropicalis also form a tristable switching system, where gray cells are relatively small and elongated. In C. tropicalis, gray cells exhibit intermediate levels of mating competency and virulence in a mouse systemic infection model compared to the white and opaque cell types, express a set of cell type-enriched genes, and exhibit both common and species-specific biological features. The key regulators of white-opaque transitions, Wor1 and Efg1, are not required for the gray phenotype. A comparative study of the gray phenotypes in C. tropicalis, C. albicans, and C. dubliniensis provides clues to explain the species differences in terms of virulence, ecological niches, and prevalence among these three species.

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Discovery of a "White-Gray-Opaque" Tristable Phenotypic Switching System in Candida Albicans: Roles of Non-Genetic Diversity in Host Adaption

Project description:The capacity of the commensal yeast Candida albicans to grow in several forms, referred to as phenotypic plasticity, is critical for its survival, and abilities to thrive and cause infection in the human host. In this study, we report a novel phenotype of C. albicans, referred as the “gray” phenotype. The gray cell type, together with the previously discovered “white” and “opaque” cell types, forms a tristable phenotypic switching system. The three phenotypes differ in cellular and colony appearance, global transcriptional profiles, secreted aspartyl proteinase (Sap) activities and virulence in different infection models. The addition of the gray cell type to the phenotypic transition systems may enhance fitness and confers an adaptive advantage for C. albicans in the host. We further demonstrate that two key regulators of white-opaque switching, Wor1 and Efg1, are not required for maintenance of the gray phenotype, suggesting that a different regulatory circuitry may be involved in the regulation of gray cell formation. Our study provides an example of multiple stable and heritable switching systems, indicating that the regulation of morphological forms to adapt to environmental changes could be much more elaborate than previously thought. total RNA profiles of 24h old white, gray and opaque cell types

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Project description:The discovery of white-opaque switching in natural MTLa/alpha isolates of Candida albicans sheds new light on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity and host adaptation.

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Ssn6 defines a new level of regulation of white-opaque switching in Candida albicans and is required for the stochasticity of the switch

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2015-12-28 | GSE74011 | GEO

Expression changes between C. albicans white and opaque cell types and mutant strains

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White-Opaque Switching in Natural MTLa/alpha Isolates of Candida albicans: Evolutionary Implications for Roles in Host Adaptation, Pathogenesis and Sex

Project description:The discovery of white-opaque switching in natural MTLa/alpha isolates of Candida albicans sheds new light on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity and host adaptation. Comparing gene expression of white and opaque cells of a MTL a/alpha strain

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