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YY1 is a structural regulator of enhancer-promoter loops [scRNA-seq]

ABSTRACT: There is considerable evidence that chromosome structure plays important roles in gene control, but we have limited understanding of the proteins that contribute to structural interactions between gene promoters and their enhancer elements. Large DNA loops that encompass genes and their regulatory elements depend on CTCF-CTCF interactions, but most enhancer-promoter interactions do not depend on this structural protein. Here we show that the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) contributes to enhancer-promoter structural interactions in a manner analogous to DNA interactions mediated by CTCF. YY1 binds to active enhancers and promoter-proximal elements in all cells examined. YY1 forms dimers that can facilitate DNA interactions. Deletion of YY1 binding sites or depletion of YY1 can disrupt enhancer-promoter looping and normal gene expression. We propose that YY1-mediated enhancer-promoter interactions are a general feature of mammalian gene control.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE103574 | GEO | 2017/11/16

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA401930

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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YY1 is a structural regulator of enhancer-promoter loops [ChIA-PET]

Project description:There is considerable evidence that chromosome structure plays important roles in gene control, but we have limited understanding of the proteins that contribute to structural interactions between gene promoters and their enhancer elements. Large DNA loops that encompass genes and their regulatory elements depend on CTCF-CTCF interactions, but most enhancer-promoter interactions do not depend on this structural protein. Here we show that the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) contributes to enhancer-promoter structural interactions in a manner analogous to DNA interactions mediated by CTCF. YY1 binds to active enhancers and promoter-proximal elements in all cells examined. YY1 forms dimers that can facilitate DNA interactions. Deletion of YY1 binding sites or depletion of YY1 can disrupt enhancer-promoter looping and normal gene expression. We propose that YY1-mediated enhancer-promoter interactions are a general feature of mammalian gene control.

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Yin Yang 1 regulates cohesin complex protein SMC3 in mouse hematopoietic stem cells

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2024-03-11 | GSE261032 | GEO

YY1 and CTCF Orchestrate a 3D Chromatin Looping Switch during Early Neural Lineage Commitment

Project description:CTCF is an architectural protein with a critical role in connecting higher-order chromatin folding in pluripotent stem cells. Recent reports have suggested that CTCF binding is more dynamic during development than previously appreciated. Here we set out to understand the extent to which shifts in genome-wide CTCF occupancy contribute to the 3-D reconfiguration of fine-scale chromatin folding during early neural lineage commitment. Unexpectedly, we observe a sharp decrease in CTCF occupancy during the transition from naïve/primed pluripotency to multipotent primary neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Many pluripotency gene-enhancer interactions are anchored by CTCF and its occupancy is lost in parallel with loop decommissioning during differentiation. Conversely, CTCF binding sites in NPCs are largely pre-existing in pluripotent stem cells. Only a small number of CTCF sites arise de novo in NPCs. We identify another zinc finger protein, Yin Yang 1 (YY1), at the base of looping interactions between NPC-specific genes and enhancers. Putative NPC-specific enhancers exhibit strong YY1 signal when engaged in 3-D contacts and negligible YY1 signal when not in loops. Moreover, siRNA knockdown of YY1 specifically disrupts interactions between key NPC enhancers and their target genes. YY1-mediated interactions between NPC regulatory elements are often nested within constitutive loops anchored by CTCF. Together, our results support a model in which YY1 acts as an architectural protein to connect developmentally regulated looping interactions; the location of YY1-mediated interactions may be demarcated in development by a pre-existing topological framework created by constitutive CTCF-mediated interactions.

2017-05-22 | GSE85185 | GEO

Yin Yang 1 regulates cohesin complex protein SMC3 in mouse hematopoietic stem cells

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YY1-controlled regulatory connectivity and transcription are influenced by the cell cycle

Project description:Few transcription factors have been examined for their direct roles in physically connecting enhancers and promoters. Here acute degradation of Yin Yang 1 (YY1) in erythroid cells revealed its requirement for the maintenance of numerous enhancer-promoter loops, but not compartments or domains. Despite its reported ability to interact with cohesin, the formation of YY1-dependent enhancer-promoter loops does not involve stalling of cohesin-mediated loop extrusion. Integrating mitosis-to-G1-phase dynamics, we observed partial retention of YY1 on mitotic chromatin, predominantly at gene promoters, followed by rapid rebinding during mitotic exit, coinciding with enhancer-promoter loop establishment. YY1 degradation during the mitosis-to-G1-phase interval revealed a set of enhancer-promoter loops that require YY1 for establishment during G1-phase entry but not for maintenance in interphase, suggesting that cell cycle stage influences YY1's architectural function. Thus, as revealed here for YY1, chromatin architectural functions of transcription factors can vary in their interplay with CTCF and cohesin as well as by cell cycle stage.

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