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Characterizing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in human prefrontal cortex at single base resolution.

ABSTRACT: The recent discovery that methylated cytosines are converted to 5-hydroxymethylated cytosines (5hmC) by the family of ten-eleven translocation enzymes has sparked significant interest on the genomic location, the abundance in different tissues, the putative functions, and the stability of this epigenetic mark. 5hmC plays a key role in the brain, where it is particularly abundant and dynamic during development. Here, we comprehensively characterize 5hmC in the prefrontal cortices of 24 subjects. We show that, although there is inter-individual variability in 5hmC content among unrelated individuals, approximately 8 % of all CpGs on autosomal chromosomes contain 5hmC, while sex chromosomes contain far less. Our data also provide evidence suggesting that 5hmC has transcriptional regulatory properties, as the density of 5hmC was highest in enhancer regions and within exons. Furthermore, we link increased 5hmC density to histone modification binding sites, to the gene bodies of actively transcribed genes, and to exon-intron boundaries. Finally, we provide several genomic regions of interest that contain gender-specific 5hmC. Collectively, these results present an important reference for the growing number of studies that are interested in the investigation of the role of 5hmC in brain and mental disorders.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE107681 | GEO | 2017/12/05

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA421011

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Whole-genome analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosines and 5-methylcytosines at base resolution in human brain

Project description:5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmC) is particularly abundant in mammalian brain with little-known functions. Here we present the first genome-wide and single-base-resolution maps of 5hmC and 5mC in human brain by combined application of TAB-Seq and MethylC-Seq. We report that the majority of modified cytosines are hydroxymethylated in adult human brain, a significant proportion of which are highly-hydroxymethylated with enrichment in active genic regions and distal-regulatory elements. 5hmC is more enriched in poised than active enhancers, and CpG island shores and enhancers show comparable 5hmC profiles. Notably, 5hmC spikes were identified at the 5’ splicing sites, suggesting a link between 5hmC and splicing. Additionally, we identified a transcription-correlated 5hmC bias towards to sense strand and a 5mC bias towards antisense strand of gene bodies, and a bias towards C-rich sequences surrounding the 5hmC sites. Our data imply multiple roles for 5hmC in alternative splicing and gene regulation in addition to be an intermediate of DNA demethylation in human brain. Examination of hydroxymethylomes of 1 adult and 1 fetal brain tissue of frontal lobe, as well as 1 methylome of the same adult.

2014-02-14 | E-GEOD-46710 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Whole-genome analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosines and 5-methylcytosines at base resolution in human brain

2014-02-14 | GSE46710 | GEO

Variation in 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) across human cortex and cerebellum

Project description:The most widely utilized approaches for quantifying DNA methylation involve the treatment of genomic DNA with sodium bisulfite, although this method cannot distinguish between DNA methylation (5mC) and DNA hydroxymethylation (5hmC). Previous studies have shown that 5hmC is enriched in the brain, although little is known about its genomic distribution and how it differs between anatomical regions and individuals. In this study, we combined oxidative bisulfite (oxBS) treatment with the Illumina Infinium 450K BeadArray to quantify genome-wide patterns of 5hmC in two distinct anatomical regions of the brain (prefrontal cortex and cerebellum) dissected from multiple individuals. We identified 37,145 and 65,563 sites passing our threshold for detectable 5hmC in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellumm, respectively, with 23,445 loci common across both brain regions. Distinct patterns of 5hmC were identified in each brain region, with notable differences in the genomic location of the most hydroxymethylated loci between these brain regions. Tissue-specific patterns of 5hmC were subsequently confirmed in an independent set of prefrontal cortex and cerebellum samples. Our data are available as downloadable UCSC genome browser tracks (http://epigenetics.iop.kcl.ac.uk/HMC/) as a resource to the community. Our study represents the first systematic analysis of 5hmC in the human brain, identifying tissue-specific hydroxymethylated positions and genomic regions characterized by inter-individual variation in DNA hydroxymethylation. This study demonstrates the utility of combining oxBS-treatment with the Illumina 450k methylation array to systematically quantify 5hmC across the genome and the potential utility of this approach for epigenomic studies of brain disorders.

2015-11-30 | GSE74368 | GEO

Genome-wide 5-hydroxymethylcytosine Alterations in Medulloblastoma

Project description:Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and most of its morbidity is caused by relapse or metastasis. Genome-wide 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) decrease has been recognized as one of hallmarks for many malignant tumors. Here we show the dramatic decrease of 5hmC abundance in MB, but with wide variations (p<0.001). Genome-wide 5hmC profiling indicates the acquisition of 5hmC at the genomic loci involved in the Notch signaling pathway. Differentially hydroxymethylated genomic regions (DhMRs) in tumor tissues showed similar features with fetus, but not adult, suggesting that DhMRs in tumor prevent tumor from differentiation for normal brain development. By combining the 5hmC abundance and the postoperative survival of the patients, we found that the decrease of 5hmC could serve as a marker and unfavorable prognosis indicator of MB. These results indicate a potential important role of 5hmC in MB.

2021-04-06 | GSE74336 | GEO

Comprehensive evaluation of genome-wide 5-hydroxymethylcytosine profiling approaches in human DNA [HumanMethylation450]

Project description:The gold standard bisulphite conversion technologies to study DNA methylation do not distinguish between 5mC and 5hmC, however new approaches to map 5hmC genome-wide have advanced rapidly, although it is unclear how the different methods compare in accurately calling 5hmC. In this study, we provide a comparative analysis on brain DNA using three 5hmC genome-wide approaches; namely whole-genome bisulphite/oxidative-bisulphite sequencing (WG Bis/OxBis-seq), Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip arrays coupled with oxidative bisulphite (HM450K Bis/OxBis) and antibody-based immunoprecipitation and sequencing of hydroxymethylated DNA (hMeDIP-seq). We also compare the performance of these approaches in adult brain DNA, with a known high abundance of 5hmC, and cancer cell line LNCaP DNA, with cell lines known to have low levels of 5hmC.

2017-03-17 | GSE94326 | GEO

Comprehensive evaluation of genome-wide 5-hydroxymethylcytosine profiling approaches in human DNA [MeDIP-seq]

2017-03-17 | GSE94356 | GEO

Comprehensive evaluation of genome-wide 5-hydroxymethylcytosine profiling approaches in human DNA [BiSulfite-seq]

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Project description:Background: Cytosine hydroxymethylation (5hmC) was recently identified in mammalian DNA as the product of oxidation of methylated cytosines (5mC) by Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) enzymes. The TETs have been shown to influence 5mC metabolism, pluripotency and differentiation during early embryonic development. However, a functional relationship between gene expression and 5hmC in adult (somatic) stem cell differentiation is however mainly unknown. To explore the role of this novel DNA modification in adult stem cell differentiation we profiled 5hmC and gene activity in purified mouse intestinal progenitors and differentiated progeny. Results: We show that the hydroxymethylome is highly dynamic with tens of thousands of differentially hydroxymethylated regions between progenitors and differentiated progeny. In progenitors 5hmC does not correlate with gene expression levels, however, upon differentiation a global increase in 5hmC is observed with an overall positive correlation between 5hmC and gene expression together with prominent associations with histone modifications that typify active genes and enhancer elements. Conclusions: In the context of recent evidence of near identical methylomes between mouse intestinal stem and differentiated cells, our data imply that a gene regulatory role for 5hmC is predominant over its role in controlling DNA methylation states. Our study provides an insight into the dynamics of 5hmC and of epigenetic machineries in differentiation of the mouse intestine.

2019-06-13 | GSE132631 | GEO

5-hydroxymethylcytosine and gene activity in mouse intestinal differentiation (RNA-Seq).

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