Small-molecule-based Human Genome G4 Profiling Reveals Potential Gene Regulation Activity
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens
PROVIDER: GSE109369 | GEO | 2019/02/15
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:DNA secondary structures are important for fundamental genome functions such as transcription and replication1. The G-quadruplex (G4) structural motif has been linked to gene regulation2,3 and genome instability4,5 and may be important to cancer development and other diseases6-8. Recently, ~700,000 discrete G4s have been observed in naked human single-stranded genomic DNA using G4-seq, a high-throughput sequencing technique that detects structural features in vitro.9 It is of vital importance to investigate G4 structures within an endogenous chromatin context, which until now remained elusive10,11. Herein, we address this via the development of G4 ChIP-seq, an antibody-based G4 chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing approach. We identified ~10,000 endogenous G4 structures and show that G4s are predominantly seen in regulatory, nucleosome-depleted, chromatin regions. G4s were enriched in the promoters and 5âUTR regions of highly transcribed genes, particularly in genes related to cancer and in somatic copy number amplifications, such as MYC. Reorganization of the chromatin landscape using a histone deacetylase inhibitor, resulted in de novo G4 formation in new and more prominent regulatory, nucleosome-depleted regions associated with increased transcriptional output. Our findings suggest a striking relationship between promoter nucleosome-depleted regions, G4 formation and elevated transcriptional activity. Comparison between normal human epidermal keratinocytes and their immortalized counterparts revealed a ï¾7-fold greater G4 abundance in immortalized cells, of which 80 % were found in regulatory, nucleosome-depleted regions common to both cell types. Consequently, cells exhibiting more G4s displayed significantly increased transcriptional output and were more sensitive to growth inhibition by a small molecule G4 ligand. Overall, our results provide new mechanistic insights into where and when DNA adopts G4 structure in vivo. Our findings show for the first time that regulatory, nucleosome-depleted chromatin and transcriptional states predominantly shape the endogenous G4 DNA landscape. Two cell lines, treated with entinostat or untreated, analyzed to detect gene expression differences, presence of G-Qudruplexes and chromatin state. Each combination of conditions replicated in duplicates or triplicates.
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Project description:DNA G-quadruplexes (G4s) have been identified as important biological targets for transcriptional, translational, and epigenetic regulation. The stabilisation of G4s with small molecule ligands has emerged as a technique to regulate gene expression and as a potential therapeutic approach for human diseases. Here, we demonstrate that ligand stabilisation of G4s causes altered chromatin accessibility dependant on the targeting specificity of the molecule. In particular, stabilisation of a target G4 using the highly specific GTC365 ligand resulted in differential accessibility of 61 genomic regions, while the broad targeted GQC-05 ligand stabilised many G4s and induced a global shift towards increased accessibility of gene promoter regions. Interestingly, while we observed distinct effects of each ligand on RNA expression levels and the induction of DNA double-stranded breaks, both ligands modified DNA damage response pathways. Our work represents the dual possibility of G4-stabilising ligands for specific or global chromatin modulation via unique targeting characteristics.
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Project description:Virulence factor production and the development of biofilms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been shown to be regulated by two hierarchically organised quorum sensing (QS) systems via small acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) signal molecules. Recently, a third bacterial signal molecule, the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS), has been identified, which positively regulates a subset of genes dependent on the QS systems. To further dissect the various independent regulation levels for many QS induced genes and to evaluate the impact of PQS on the QS circuitry, we performed a transcriptome analysis of PAO1 cultures supplemented with PQS. The global transcriptional profile in response to PQS revealed a marked up-regulation of genes belonging to the tightly interdependent functional groups of iron acquisition and oxidative stress response. Remarkably, not only most of the differentially regulated genes but also the induction of a lacZ transcriptional fusion of rhlR could be traced back to a iron chelating effect of PQS. Nevertheless, although iron deficiency per se induced rhlR, there seems to be PQS specific effects that are independent of the PQS effect on P. aeruginosa iron homeostasis Experiment Overall Design: For RNA extraction bacteria were harvested at early logarithmic, late logarithmic and stationary phase of growth. Three independent cultures of PQS-treated and untreated PAO1 each were pooled and the RNA was immediately stabilized with RNAprotect Bacteria Reagent (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). RNA was isolated using the RNeasy kit (Qiagen), treated with DNaseI (Roche) for 30 min at 37M-BM-0C and re-purified with the RNeasy spin column. The subsequent steps of cDNA generation and Biotin-ddUTP terminal labelling were performed as described in the manufacturerM-bM-^@M-^Ys instructions for the P. aeruginosa GeneChipM-CM-^R. Fragmented and labelled cDNA was hybridised to a GeneChip at 50 M-BM-0C for 16 h. The washing steps, staining and scanning of the microarrays were performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip system. Data analysis was performed using the Affymetrix Microarray Suite Software 5.0 with Affymetrix default parameters. As expression analysis was performed in duplicate, a total of two GeneChips per culture condition was scanned at 570 nm, 3 M-BM-5m resolution in an Affymetrix GeneChip scanner. The signals were multiplied by a scaling factor to make the average signal for all the arrays equivalent. The data were imported into a Microsoft Access database capable of searching for genes, which were found in all four pairings defined by the Affymetrix Microarray Suite Software as having significant changes in their signal intensities. Data were combined with the latest annotation from the website of the P. aeruginosa PAO1 sequence and the community annotation project provided at www.pseudomonas.com.
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