Gibberellins synthesis is involved in the reduction of cell flux and elemental growth rate in maize leaf under low nitrogen supply
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Zea mays
PROVIDER: GSE111425 | GEO | 2021/02/24
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Using an integrated approach including kinematic growth analysis, tissue-specific RNA-seq dissection and hormone determination to investigated cell division and elongation in maize leaf growth in response to LN stress. Two biological replicates were generated for each tissue.
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Project description:Gibberellins synthesis is involved in the reduction of cell flux and elemental growth rate in maize leaf under low nitrogen supply
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Project description:The metabolic response of maize source leaves to low nitrogen supply was analyzed in maize seedlings by parallel measurements of transcriptome and metabolome profiling. Inbred lines A188 and B73 were cultivated under controlled growth chamber conditions and supplied with either sufficient (15mM) or limiting (0.15mM) nitrate supply. Leaf lamina material was harvested at day 20 and day 30 after germination with the fifth and sixth leaf representing the main source leaf respectively. Four replicates were collecetd from individual plants for each combination of genotype, growth stage and nitrogen treatment. The leaf material was frozen, homogenised and aliquoted for transcriptome and metabolome analysis. The molecular data was further supplemented by phenotypic characterisation of the maize seedlings under investigation. Limited availability of nitrogen caused strong shifts in the metabolite profile of leaves. The transcriptome was less affected by the nitrogen stress but showed strong genotype and age dependent patterns. Nitrogen starvation initiated the selective down-regulation of processes involved in nitrate reduction and amino acid assimilation; ammonium assimilation related transcripts on the other hand were not influenced. Carbon assimilation related transcripts were characterized by high transcriptional coordination and general down-regulation under low nitrogen conditions. Nitrogen deprivation caused a slight accumulation of starch, but also directed increased amounts of carbohydrates into the cell wall and secondary metabolites. The decrease in N availability also resulted in accumulation of phosphate and by strong down-regulation of genes usually involved in phosphate starvation response, underlining the great importance of phosphate homeostasis control under stress conditions.
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Project description:The metabolic response of maize source leaves to low nitrogen supply was analyzed in maize seedlings by parallel measurements of transcriptome and metabolome profiling. Inbred lines A188 and B73 were cultivated under controlled growth chamber conditions and supplied with either sufficient (15mM) or limiting (0.15mM) nitrate supply. Leaf lamina material was harvested at day 20 and day 30 after germination with the fifth and sixth leaf representing the main source leaf respectively. Four replicates were collecetd from individual plants for each combination of genotype, growth stage and nitrogen treatment. The leaf material was frozen, homogenised and aliquoted for transcriptome and metabolome analysis. The molecular data was further supplemented by phenotypic characterisation of the maize seedlings under investigation. Limited availability of nitrogen caused strong shifts in the metabolite profile of leaves. The transcriptome was less affected by the nitrogen stress but showed strong genotype and age dependent patterns. Nitrogen starvation initiated the selective down-regulation of processes involved in nitrate reduction and amino acid assimilation; ammonium assimilation related transcripts on the other hand were not influenced. Carbon assimilation related transcripts were characterized by high transcriptional coordination and general down-regulation under low nitrogen conditions. Nitrogen deprivation caused a slight accumulation of starch, but also directed increased amounts of carbohydrates into the cell wall and secondary metabolites. The decrease in N availability also resulted in accumulation of phosphate and by strong down-regulation of genes usually involved in phosphate starvation response, underlining the great importance of phosphate homeostasis control under stress conditions. Maize inbred lines A188 and B73 were cultivated in pots containing nutrient poor peat soil under the controlled conditions of a growth chamber. The plants were fertilized with modified Hoagland solutions containing either 15mM (high N) or 0.15mM nitrate (low N). Source leaf lamina were harvested at day 20 and day 30 after start of germination for parallel analysis of transcriptome and metabolome profiles. The molecular data is further supplemented by phenotypic characterization of the maize seedlings under investigation.
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Project description:Leaf growth is a complex developmental process that is continuously fine-tuned by the environment. Various abiotic stresses, including mild drought stress, have been shown to inhibit leaf growth in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we identify the redundant Arabidopsis transcription factors ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 5 (ERF5) and ERF6 as master regulators which adapt leaf growth to environmental changes. ERF5 and ERF6 gene expression is induced very rapidly and specifically in actively growing leaves after sudden exposure to osmotic stress that mimics mild drought. Subsequently, enhanced ERF6 expression inhibits cell proliferation and leaf growth by a process involving GA and DELLA signaling. Using an ERF6 inducible overexpression line, we demonstrate that the GA-degrading enzyme GA2-OX6 is transcriptionally induced by ERF6 and that consequently DELLA proteins are stabilized. As a result, ERF6 gain-of-function lines are dwarfed and hypersensitive to osmotic stress, while growth of erf5erf6 loss-of-function mutants is less affected by stress. Next to its role in plant growth under stress, ERF6 also activates the expression of a plethora of osmotic stress-responsive genes, including the well-known stress tolerance genes STZ, MYB51 and WRKY33. Interestingly, the activation of the stress tolerance genes by ERF6 occurs independently from the ERF6-mediated growth inhibition. Together, these data fit into a leaf growth regulatory model in which ERF5 and ERF6 form a missing link between the previously observed stress-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) accumulation and DELLA-mediated cell cycle exit and execute a dual role by regulating both stress tolerance and growth-inhibition.
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Project description:Early leaf growth is sustained by cell proliferation and subsequent cell expansion that initiates at the leaf tip and proceeds in a basipetal direction. Using detailed kinematic and gene expression studies to map these stages during early development of the third leaf of Arabidopsis thaliana we showed that the cell cycle arrest front did not progress gradually down the leaf, but rather was established and abolished abruptly. Interestingly, leaf greening and stomatal patterning followed a similar basipetal pattern, but proliferative pavement cell and formative meristemoid divisions were uncoordinated in respect to onset and persistence. Genes differentially expressed during the transition from cell proliferation to expansion were enriched in genes involved in cell cycle, photosynthesis, and chloroplast retrograde signaling. Proliferating primordia treated with norflurazon, a chemical inhibitor of retrograde signaling, showed inhibited onset of cell expansion. Hence, differentiation of the photosynthetic machinery is important for regulating the exit from proliferation. GSM839070-GSM839081: Total RNA was extracted using RNeasy plant mini kit (Qiagen) from leaf 3 of Arabidopsis seedlings grown in vitro and treated or not treated with norflurazon (NF) at 8 days after stratification (DAS) and harvested 24 and 48 hours after treatment. RNA from three biological repeats of each timepoint and treatment were submitted to AGRONOMICS1 array hybridization. GSM839082-GSM839099: Total RNAs were extracted using RNeasy plant mini kit (Qiagen) from leaf 3 of Arabidopsis seedlings 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 days after stratification (DAS) and grown in vitro. RNAs from three biological repeats of each timepoint were submitted to AGRONOMICS1 array hybridization.
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