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Widespread Alterations in Translation Elongation in the Brain of Fmr1 Knock-Out Mice

ABSTRACT: FMRP is a polysome-associated RNA-binding protein encoded by Fmr1 and lost in Fragile X syndrome. Increasing evidence suggests that FMRP regulates both translation initiation and elongation, but the gene-specificity of these effects is unclear. To elucidate the effects of FMRP loss on translation, we used ribosome profiling for genome-wide measurements of ribosomal occupancy and positioning in the cortex of Fmr1 knock-out mice. We found a remarkably coherent reduction in ribosome footprint abundance per mRNA for previously identified, high-affinity mRNA binding partners of FMRP, and an increase for terminal oligo-pyrimidine (TOP) motif-containing genes canonically controlled by mTOR-4EBP-eIF4E signaling. Amino acid motif- and gene-level analyses both showed a widespread reduction of translational pausing in Fmr1 knock-out mice. Our findings are consistent with a model of FMRP-mediated regulation of both translation initiation through eIF4E and elongation that is disrupted in Fragile X syndrome.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE114064 | GEO | 2019/03/10

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Ribosome profiling and RNA-seq of Fragile X mouse brain cortex

Project description:Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by inactivation of FMR1 gene and loss of its encoded product the RNA binding protein FMRP, which generally represses translation of its target transcripts in the brain. In mouse models of FXS (i.e., Fmr1 knockout animals; Fmr1 KO), deletion of Cpeb1, which encodes a translational activator, mitigates nearly all pathophysiologies associated with the disorder. Here we reveal unexpected wide-spread dys-regulation of RNA abundance in Fmr1 KO brain cortex and its rescue to normal levels in Fmr1/Cpeb1 double KO mice. Alteration and restoration of RNA levels are the dominant molecular events that drive the observed dys-regulation and rescue of translation as measured by whole transcriptome ribosome occupany in the brain. The RNAs down-regulated and rescued in these animal models are highly enriched for FMRP binding targets and have an optimal codon bias that would predict their stability in wild type and possible instability in FMRP knock-out brain. These results leads to a further study to profile RNA metabolism rates in Fragile X neurons.

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Comparison of wildtype and Fmr1 knock-out adult mouse gene expression in the cochlear nucleus

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Project description:Silencing of FMR1 and loss of its gene product FMRP results in Fragile X Syndrome. FMRP binds brain mRNAs and inhibits polypeptide elongation. Using ribosome profiling of the hippocampus, we find that ribosome footprint levels in Fmr1-deficient tissue mostly reflect changes in RNA abundance. Profiling over a time course of ribosome runoff in wildtype tissue reveals a wide range of ribosome translocation rates; on many mRNAs, the ribosomes are stalled. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation of hippocampal slices after ribosome runoff reveals that FMRP co-sediments with stalled ribosomes; and its loss results in decline of ribosome stalling on specific mRNAs. One such mRNA encodes SETD2, a lysine methyltransferase that catalyzes H3K36me3. ChIP-Seq demonstrates that loss of FMRP alters the deployment of this epigenetic mark on chromatin. H3K36me3 is associated with alternative pre-RNA processing, which we find occurs in an FMRP-dependent manner on transcripts linked to neural function and autism spectrum disorders.

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Project description:Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is often modeled in Fmr1 knockout mice where the RNA-binding protein FMRP is absent. Here, we show that in Fmr1-deficient mice, RNA mis-splicing occurs in several brain regions and peripheral tissues. To assess molecular mechanisms of splicing mis-regulation, we employed N2A cells depleted of Fmr1. In the absence of FMRP, RNA-specific exon skipping events are linked to the splicing factors hnRNPF, PTBP1, and MBNL1. FMRP regulates the translation of Mbnl1 mRNA as well as Mbnl1 RNA auto-splicing. Elevated Mbnl1 auto-splicing in FMRP-deficient cells results in the loss of a nuclear localization signal (NLS)-containing exon. This in turn alters the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio of MBNL1. This redistribution of MBNL1 isoforms in Fmr1-deficient cells could result in downstream splicing changes in other RNAs. Indeed, further investigation revealed that splicing disruptions resulting from Fmr1 depletion could be rescued by overexpression of nuclear MBNL1. Altered Mbnl1 auto-splicing also occurs in human FXS postmortem brain. These data suggest that FMRP-controlled translation and RNA processing may cascade into a general dys-regulation of splicing in Fmr1-deficient cells.

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Shifts in Ribosome Engagement Impact Key Gene Sets in Neurodevelopment and Rett Syndrome Neurons

Project description:Translation of many transcripts is highly regulated in the developing brain, and disturbance of translational regulation machinery contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders. In neural progenitor cells, for example, several critical pro-differentiation genes are transcribed, but their translation is repressed to allow rapid translation when appropriate signals to differentiate are received. This layer of translational regulation makes it challenging to directly correlate RNA and protein levels in stem cells and neurons. During early neural development, translation is regulated by several pathways that can impact neuron fate and function. The mTOR-mediated signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the induction of neuron differentiation, axon and dendrite development, and gliogenesis, while being key in the maintenance of pluripotent and neural stem cells {Wang:2013hg}{Agrawal:2014ek}{Ka:2014fq}. Dysregulation of the translation repressor eIF4E-binding protein 2 (4EBP2), a downstream target of mTORC1, leads to an increased ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synaptic inputs and autistic-like behaviors {Gkogkas:2013fh}. The Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), which is encoded by the FMR1 gene {Verkerk:1991hu}, is an RNA binding protein (RBP) that regulates translation through multiple mechanisms {Richter:2015ii}. Loss of expression of FMR1 causes Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), the most common inherited intellectual disability as well as the most prevalent single-gene cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). FMRP typically functions as a translational repressor {Li:2001ds} and some studies suggest that FXS results from an inability of neurons to achieve regulated local translation, particularly in response to stimuli {Richter:2015ii}. This suggests important roles for control of translation in stem cells and neurons, and an association with significant risk for neurodevelopmental disorders.

2020-05-07 | PXD011961 | Pride

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