Molecular Profiling of Small and Large Retinal Ganglion Cells
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Rattus norvegicus
PROVIDER: GSE11468 | GEO | 2008/05/17
SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA106389
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Different sub-types of ganglion cells existing in mammalian retinas possessing distinct function in processing the visual information. In primates, RGC are commonly divided into midget cells, which are relatively small, and parasol cells, with a larger soma size. Rodents also possess morphologically distinct populations, but their physiological properties are less characterized. The two types of mammalian RGCs differ in their response to pathological conditions such as retinal ischemia, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. In this work, we compared gene expression profiles of large (LRGCs) and small (SRGCs) ganglion cells isolated from rat retina in attempt to identify molecular determinants underlying differences in function and tolerance to stress. Experiment Overall Design: Rat RGCs retrogradely labeled with 4DI-10ASP were purified from freshly dissected retinas and subjected to fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) in order to separate the SRGC and LRGC sub-populations. Actinomycin D was added to prevent new transcription during experimental procedures. Purified cells were used for RNA isolation. Following two rounds of linear amplification aRNA probes were hybridized with two-color Agilent Rat Genomic Oligo Arrays. We utilized the dye swap experimental design to eliminate the dye bias effects and make data from different experiments available for the cross-comparison.
2008-06-20 | E-GEOD-11468 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Goals of the study: 1. Assess the gene expression profile in rat RGC after experimental IOP elevation to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of RGC death. 2. Identify potentially novel genes and pathways that may contribute to RGC death in glaucoma. Background: Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the slow, progressive degeneration of RGC. Elevated IOP is the biggest risk factor for developing glaucoma, loss of RGC and optic nerve atrophy. The pathophysiology of glaucomatous neurodegeneration is not fully understood. It is now clear that RGC die by apoptosis in glaucoma. However, what triggers the apoptosis is still unknown. So far, several gene expression studies have been performed on the retina as a whole. These studies revealed up and downregulation of many genes in response to elevated IOP and optic nerve transection. However, the retina is a complex tissue composed of neuronal, glial and vascular cell types. The RGCs only comprise 5% or less of retinal cells. The gene expression profiles from whole retina can not represent of RGC gene expression. In the current study, we sought to investigate the whole genome regulation of the RGCs in glaucoma. The study was carried out in 3 adult male Brown Norway rats with experimental glaucoma. An equal number of RGCs were captured from normal eyes and eyes with elevated IOP. Gene expression in the glaucomatous RGC was compared with that in the fellow RGC by using Affymetrix Gene chip.
2010-10-01 | E-GEOD-12596 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is a primary characteristic of glaucoma, although non-cell autonomous mechanisms have been implicated in RGC dysfunction. Astrocytes closely associate with RGCs in the nerve fiber layer of the retina and optic nerve, where they can contribute to RGC neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms by which astrocytes promote neurotoxicity and contribute to glaucoma remain unclear. Here we present data describing disease phenotypes in astrocytes and their ability to modulate RGC health.
2021-04-23 | GSE173129 | GEO
Project description:Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) of varied types are common across all populations and can cause visual problems. For military personnel in combat settings, injuries from blast exposures (bTBI) are prevalent and arise from a myriad of different situations. To model these diverse conditions, we are one of several groups modeling bTBI using mice in varying ways. Here, we report a refined analysis of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage in male C57BL/6J mice exposed to a blast-wave in an enclosed chamber. Ganglion cell layer thickness, RGC density (BRN3A and RBPMS immunoreactivity), cellular density of ganglion cell layer (hematoxylin and eosin staining), and axon numbers (paraphenylenediamine staining) were quantified at timepoints ranging from 1 to 17-weeks. RNA sequencing was performed at 1-week and 5-weeks post-injury. Earliest indices of damage, evident by 1-week post-injury, are a loss of RGC marker expression, damage to RGC axons, and increase in glial markers expression. Blast exposure caused a loss of RGC somas and axons-with greatest loss occurring by 5-weeks post-injury. While indices of glial involvement are prominent early, they quickly subside as RGCs are lost. The finding that axonopathy precedes soma loss resembles pathology observed in mouse models of glaucoma, suggesting similar mechanisms.
2024-08-14 | GSE274793 | GEO
Project description:The lack of neuroprotective treatments for retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve (ON) is a central challenge for glaucoma management. Emerging evidence suggests that redox factor NAD+ decline is a hallmark of aging and neurodegenerative diseases including glaucoma. Supplementation with NAD+ precursors and overexpression of the nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT), the key enzyme involved in the NAD+ biosynthetic process, have significant neuroprotection effect on glaucoma. Among the three NMNAT isoforms, only NMNAT2 is enriched in neurons, especially in axons, however, its role in glaucoma is not well studied. Here we present the expression levels of the enzymes that involved in NAD+ metabolism in both naïve and glaucomatous mouse RGCs. Intriguingly, NMNAT2 is the dominant form of NMNATs in RGCs and only its mRNA level, but not NMNAT1 or NMNAT3, is significant decreased in glaucomatous RGCs. We then demonstrated proof-of-principal gene therapy strategy of restoring RGC-specific NMNAT2 and NAD+ levels by AAV2-mediated RGC-specific promoter mSncg-driven long half-life NMNAT2 mutant. This gene therapy strategy is further tested in two optic neuropathy models, traumatic ON crush model and ocular hypertension glaucoma model. RGC-specific NMNAT2 overexpression significantly promotes RGC somata and axons survival and preserves visual function in both models. Our studies suggest that the weaking of NMNAT2 expression in glaucomatous RGCs contributes to detrimental NAD+ decline and that modulating RGC intrinsic NMNAT2 level by AAV2-mSncg vector is a potent gene therapy for glaucomatous neuroprotection.
2021-08-22 | GSE182483 | GEO
Project description:One important facet of the glaucoma pathology is axonal damage, which ultimately disrupts the connection between the retina and its postsynaptic targets. The concurrent loss of retrograde support interferes with the functionality and survival of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Con-versely, previous research has shown that stimulation of neuronal activity in a primary retinal target area—i.e., the superior colliculus— promotes RGC survival in an acute mouse model of glaucoma. To build further on this observation, we applied repeated chemogenetics in the superior colliculus of a more chronic model of glaucoma—i.e., the microbead occlusion model—and per-formed bulk RNA sequencing on collicular lysates and isolated RGCs. Our study revealed that chronic target stimulation upon glaucomatous injury phenocopies the a priori expected molecular response: growth factors were pinpointed as essential transcriptional regulators both in the locally stimulated tissue and in distant, unstimulated RGCs. Strikingly, and although the RGC tran-scriptome revealed an enrichment of pro-survival signaling pathways, functional rescue of injured RGCs was not achieved.
2022-06-15 | GSE202012 | GEO
Project description:Goals of the study: 1. Assess the gene expression profile in rat RGC after experimental IOP elevation to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of RGC death. 2. Identify potentially novel genes and pathways that may contribute to RGC death in glaucoma. Background: Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the slow, progressive degeneration of RGC. Elevated IOP is the biggest risk factor for developing glaucoma, loss of RGC and optic nerve atrophy. The pathophysiology of glaucomatous neurodegeneration is not fully understood. It is now clear that RGC die by apoptosis in glaucoma. However, what triggers the apoptosis is still unknown. So far, several gene expression studies have been performed on the retina as a whole. These studies revealed up and downregulation of many genes in response to elevated IOP and optic nerve transection. However, the retina is a complex tissue composed of neuronal, glial and vascular cell types. The RGCs only comprise 5% or less of retinal cells. The gene expression profiles from whole retina can not represent of RGC gene expression. In the current study, we sought to investigate the whole genome regulation of the RGCs in glaucoma.
2010-10-01 | GSE12596 | GEO
Project description:We used optic nerve injury as a model to study early signaling events in the neuronal soma following axonal injury. Optic nerve injury results in the selective death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The time course of cell death takes place over a period of days with the earliest detection of RGC death at about 48 hr post injury. We hypothesized that in the period immediately following axonal injury, there are changes in the soma that signal surrounding glia and neurons and that start programmed cell death. In the current study, we investigated early changes in cellular signaling and gene expression that occur within the first 6 hrs post optic nerve injury. We detected differences in phosphoproteins and gene expression within this time period that we used to interpret temporal events. Our studies revealed that the entire retina has been signaled by the RGC soma within 30 min after optic nerve injury and that pathways that modulate cell death are likely to be active in RGCs within 6 hrs following axonal injury Experiment Overall Design: In the treated animals, axons of the optic nerve were crushed with fine forceps for 10 sec, 1 mm posterior to the globe, under direct visualization, within an intact meningeal sheath. Controls were contralateral eyes from the same animals in each group that had not been injured. After 6 hr eyes were enucleated and processed for tissue sectionin
2008-10-25 | E-GEOD-11862 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor for glaucoma, a sight threatening disease of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Despite the central importance of IOP, details of the impact of IOP elevation on RGC gene expression remain elusive. We developed a novel 4-step immunopanning protocol to extract adult mouse RGCs with high fidelity and used it to isolate RGCs from wild type mice exposed to 2 weeks of IOP elevation generated by the microbead model. IOP was elevated to 2 distinct levels which were defined as Mild (IOP increase >1mmHg and <4mmHg) and Moderate (IOP increase > 4mmHg). RNA sequencing was used to compare the transcriptional environment at each IOP level. Differentially expressed genes were markedly different between the 2 groups, and pathway analysis revealed frequently opposed responses between the IOP levels. These results suggest that the magnitude of IOP elevation has a critical impact on RGC transcriptional changes. Furthermore, it is possible that an IOP-based set point exists within RGCs to impact the direction of transcriptional change. It is possible that this improved understanding of changes in RGC gene expression can ultimately lead to novel diagnostics and therapeutics for glaucoma.
2019-02-22 | GSE122205 | GEO
Project description:Axon regeneration holds great promise for neural repair of CNS axonopathies, including glaucoma. Pten deletion in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) promotes potent optic nerve regeneration, but only a small population of Pten-null RGCs are actually regenerating RGCs (regRGCs); most surviving RGCs (surRGCs) remain non-regenerative. Here we developed a strategy to specifically label and purify regRGCs and surRGCs respectively from the same Pten deletion mice after optic nerve crush, in which they differ only in their regeneration capability. Smart-Seq2 single cell transcriptome analysis revealed novel regeneration-associated genes that significantly promote axon regeneration. The most potent of these, Anxa2, acts synergistically with its ligand tPA in Pten deletion-induced axon regeneration. Anxa2, its downstream effector ILK, and Mpp1 dramatically protect RGC somata and axons and preserves visual function in a clinically relevant model of glaucoma, demonstrating the exciting potential of this innovative strategy to identify novel effective neural repair candidates.
2022-08-20 | GSE206624 | GEO