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The non-canonical SMC protein SmcHD1 antagonises TAD formation on the inactive X chromosome

ABSTRACT: This SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE115984 | GEO | 2018/11/07

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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The non-canonical SMC protein SmcHD1 antagonises TAD formation and compartmentalisation on the inactive X chromosome.

Project description:The inactive X chromosome (Xi) in female mammals adopts an atypical higher-order chromatin structure, manifested as a global loss of local topologically associated domains (TADs), A/B compartments and formation of two mega-domains. Here we demonstrate that the non-canonical SMC family protein, SmcHD1, which is important for gene silencing on Xi, contributes to this unique chromosome architecture. Specifically, allelic mapping of the transcriptome and epigenome in SmcHD1 mutant cells reveals the appearance of sub-megabase domains defined by gene activation, CpG hypermethylation and depletion of Polycomb-mediated H3K27me3. These domains, which correlate with sites of SmcHD1 enrichment on Xi in wild-type cells, additionally adopt features of active X chromosome higher-order chromosome architecture, including A/B compartments and partial restoration of TAD boundaries. Xi chromosome architecture changes also occurred following SmcHD1 knockout in a somatic cell model, but in this case, independent of Xi gene derepression. We conclude that SmcHD1 is a key factor in defining the unique chromosome architecture of Xi.

| S-EPMC6318279 | biostudies-literature

The non-canonical SMC protein SmcHD1 antagonises TAD formation on the inactive X chromosome (Repli-seq)

Project description:In this study we investigate the role of the non-canonical SMC family protein, SmcHD1in the X inactivation.

2018-11-07 | GSE122196 | GEO

The non-canonical SMC protein SmcHD1 antagonises TAD formation on the inactive X chromosome

Project description:The non-canonical SMC protein SmcHD1 antagonises TAD formation on the inactive X chromosome

| PRJNA476698 | ENA

The non-canonical SMC protein SmcHD1 antagonises TAD formation on the inactive X chromosome (Repli-seq)

Project description:The non-canonical SMC protein SmcHD1 antagonises TAD formation on the inactive X chromosome (Repli-seq)

| PRJNA503902 | ENA

SMCHD1 Merges Chromosome Compartments and Assists Formation of Super-Structures on the Inactive X.

Project description:Mammalian chromosomes are partitioned into A/B compartments and topologically associated domains (TADs). The inactive X (Xi) chromosome, however, adopts a distinct conformation without evident compartments or TADs. Here, through exploration of an architectural protein, structural-maintenance-of-chromosomes hinge domain containing 1 (SMCHD1), we probe how the Xi is reconfigured during X chromosome inactivation. A/B compartments are first fused into "S1" and "S2" compartments, coinciding with Xist spreading into gene-rich domains. SMCHD1 then binds S1/S2 compartments and merges them to create a compartment-less architecture. Contrary to current views, TADs remain on the Xi but in an attenuated state. Ablating SMCHD1 results in a persistent S1/S2 organization and strengthening of TADs. Furthermore, loss of SMCHD1 causes regional defects in Xist spreading and erosion of heterochromatic silencing. We present a stepwise model for Xi folding, where SMCHD1 attenuates a hidden layer of Xi architecture to facilitate Xist spreading.

| S-EPMC6475921 | biostudies-literature

Chromosome compartments on the inactive X guide TAD formation independently of transcription during X-reactivation.

Project description:A hallmark of chromosome organization is the partition into transcriptionally active A and repressed B compartments, and into topologically associating domains (TADs). Both structures were regarded to be absent from the inactive mouse X chromosome, but to be re-established with transcriptional reactivation and chromatin opening during X-reactivation. Here, we combine a tailor-made mouse iPSC reprogramming system and high-resolution Hi-C to produce a time course combining gene reactivation, chromatin opening and chromosome topology during X-reactivation. Contrary to previous observations, we observe A/B-like compartments on the inactive X harbouring multiple subcompartments. While partial X-reactivation initiates within a compartment rich in X-inactivation escapees, it then occurs rapidly along the chromosome, concomitant with downregulation of Xist. Importantly, we find that TAD formation precedes transcription and initiates from Xist-poor compartments. Here, we show that TAD formation and transcriptional reactivation are causally independent during X-reactivation while establishing Xist as a common denominator.

| S-EPMC8190187 | biostudies-literature

SmcHD1 underlies the formation of H3K9me3 blocks on the inactive X chromosome in mice

Project description:This SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.

2022-07-20 | GSE201189 | GEO

Epigenetic functions of smchd1 repress gene clusters on the inactive X chromosome and on autosomes.

Project description:The Smchd1 gene encodes a large protein with homology to the SMC family of proteins involved in chromosome condensation and cohesion. Previous studies have found that Smchd1 has an important role in CpG island (CGI) methylation on the inactive X chromosome (Xi) and in stable silencing of some Xi genes. In this study, using genome-wide expression analysis, we showed that Smchd1 is required for the silencing of around 10% of the genes on Xi, apparently independent of CGI hypomethylation, and, moreover, that these genes nonrandomly occur in clusters. Additionally, we found that Smchd1 is required for CpG island methylation and silencing at a cluster of four imprinted genes in the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) locus on chromosome 7 and genes from the protocadherin-alpha and -beta clusters. All of the affected autosomal loci display developmentally regulated brain-specific methylation patterns which are lost in Smchd1 homozygous mutants. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the function of Smchd1 in epigenetic regulation of gene expression.

| S-EPMC3753908 | biostudies-literature

Chromosome Compartments on the Inactive X Guide TAD Formation Independently of Transcription during X-Reactivation

Project description:To investigate the dynamics of X-chromosome reactivation, we differentiated mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into neural precursor cells (NPCs) and later reprogrammed them into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). During the conversions of NPCs into iPSC, we assessed the kinetics of X-chromosome reactivation. We generated allele-specific RNA-seq datasets to assess gene reactivation dynamics, employed ATAC-seq to investigate chromatin opening dynamics and performed in situ Hi-C to explore dynamics of chromosome structure.

2021-04-02 | GSE157448 | GEO

Smchd1-dependent and -independent pathways determine developmental dynamics of CpG island methylation on the inactive X chromosome.

Project description:X chromosome inactivation involves multiple levels of chromatin modification, established progressively and in a stepwise manner during early development. The chromosomal protein Smchd1 was recently shown to play an important role in DNA methylation of CpG islands (CGIs), a late step in the X inactivation pathway that is required for long-term maintenance of gene silencing. Here we show that inactive X chromosome (Xi) CGI methylation can occur via either Smchd1-dependent or -independent pathways. Smchd1-dependent CGI methylation, the primary pathway, is acquired gradually over an extended period, whereas Smchd1-independent CGI methylation occurs rapidly after the onset of X inactivation. The de novo methyltransferase Dnmt3b is required for methylation of both classes of CGI, whereas Dnmt3a and Dnmt3L are dispensable. Xi CGIs methylated by these distinct pathways differ with respect to their sequence characteristics and immediate chromosomal environment. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding CGI methylation during development.

| S-EPMC3437444 | biostudies-literature

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