Similar Datasets
Project description:Identification of novel differential DNA methylation sites in human M1 and M2 macrophages using MBD-Seq
2018-12-26 | GSE117124 | GEO
Project description:Macrophages polarize to divergent functional phenotypes depending on their microenvironment in a highly coordinated process of metabolic and transcriptional rewiring that is still poorly understood. We developed an Integrated Metabolomics and Gene Expression (IMAGE) profiling and analysis pipeline and applied it to extensively characterize global metabolic programs of macrophage polarization. IMAGE analysis identified 7 major (novel and known) regulatory modules responsible for metabolic rewiring during polarization, which we validated through extensive carbon and nitrogen labeling experiments. M1-specific modules included: inflammatory variant of the aspartate-arginosuccinate shunt; TCA cycle break at Idh expression accompanied by citrate accumulation and production of itaconate and fatty acid synthesis. In M2 macrophages we discovered significant role of glutamine in polarization, providing nitrogen for UDP-GlcNAc synthesis. Consistently, glutamine deprivation results in significant M2-specific defect in polarization. Our data provide, for the first time, a global view of the integrated transcriptional and metabolic changes that result in M1 and M2 polarization. Bone-marrow derived macrophages were generated from C57BL/6 mice were plated at ~100k cells per well in 96-well plate and stimulated with either Il4 or combination of LPS&IFNg or left unstimulated for 24 h mRNA was derived from lysates using Invitrogen oligo-dT beads
2014-05-30 | E-GEOD-53053 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Macrophages are key inflammatory immune cells that display dynamic phenotypes and functions in response to their local microenvironment. Major advances have occurred in understanding the transcriptional, epigenetic, and functional differences in various macrophage subsets by in vitro modeling and gene expression and epigenetic profiling for biomarker discovery. However, there is still no standardized protocol for macrophage polarization largely due to the lack of thorough validation of macrophage phenotypes following polarization. In addition, transcriptional regulation is recognized as a major mechanism governing differential macrophage polarization programs and as such, many genes have been identified to be associated with each macrophage subset. However, the functional role of many of these genes in macrophage polarization is still unknown. Moreover, the role of other regulatory mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, in macrophage polarization remains poorly understood. Here, we employed an optimized model of human M1 and M2 macrophage polarization which we used for large-scale transcriptional and DNA methylation profiling. We were unable to demonstrate a role for DNA methylation in macrophage polarization, as no significant changes were identified. However, we observed significant changes in the transcriptomes of M1 and M2 macrophages. Additionally, we identified numerous novel differentially regulated genes involved in macrophage polarization, including CYBB and DHCR7 which we show as important regulators of M1 and M2 macrophage polarization, respectively. Taken together, our improved in vitro human M1 and M2 macrophage model provides new understandings of the regulation of macrophage polarization and candidate macrophage biomarkers.
| S-EPMC6286176 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We analyzed expression profiles of thioglyolate elicted peritoneal exudate cells (peritoneal macrophages). Peritoneal macrophages were polarized into M1 and M2 macrophages by activation with IFNgamma+ LPS and Il4, respectively. We predicted a gene-regulatory network, which consists of four transcription factors (E2f1,Myc, Stat6, Pparg) regulating metabolic genes, M1 and M2-associated genes. The predicted regulators were all active in M2 macrophages. We hypothesized that these transcription factors are essential regulators to maintain M2 phenotype. To further validate our findings, we treated M2-polarized macrophages with siRNA-pools targeting E2f1, Myc, Stat6 and Pparg. In this study, we observed a switch towards an M1-like phenotype after transfection of siRNA-pools. In addition, Inflammatory pathways were upreguated while fatty acid metabolism was down regulated.
2020-01-27 | GSE129253 | GEO
Project description:Macrophages polarize to divergent functional phenotypes depending on their microenvironment in a highly coordinated process of metabolic and transcriptional rewiring that is still poorly understood. We developed an Integrated Metabolomics and Gene Expression (IMAGE) profiling and analysis pipeline and applied it to extensively characterize global metabolic programs of macrophage polarization. IMAGE analysis identified 7 major (novel and known) regulatory modules responsible for metabolic rewiring during polarization, which we validated through extensive carbon and nitrogen labeling experiments. M1-specific modules included: inflammatory variant of the aspartate-arginosuccinate shunt; TCA cycle break at Idh expression accompanied by citrate accumulation and production of itaconate and fatty acid synthesis. In M2 macrophages we discovered significant role of glutamine in polarization, providing nitrogen for UDP-GlcNAc synthesis. Consistently, glutamine deprivation results in significant M2-specific defect in polarization. Our data provide, for the first time, a global view of the integrated transcriptional and metabolic changes that result in M1 and M2 polarization.
2014-05-30 | GSE53053 | GEO
Project description:In response to microenvironmental signals macrophages undergo different activation, indicated as classic/M1 and alternative/M2 polarization. C-Myc transcription factor could be an essential player in M2 polarization. Functional relevance of c-Myc in M2 macrophage biology is investigated by evaluating the effect of 100-58F4, on the transcriptional profile induced on human macrophages by IL-4. Human monocytes were obtained from normal donor buffy coats by two-step gradient centrifugation using Ficoll (Biochrom) and Percoll (Amersham). Non-adherent cells were discarded, and the purified monocytes were incubated for 7 days in RPMI 1640 (Biochom) supplemented with 10% FCS (HyClone) and 100 ng/mL M-CSF to obtain resting macrophages. Macrophage polarization was obtained by removing the culture medium and culturing cells in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FCS and 100 ng/mL LPS plus 20 ng/mL IFN-gamma (M1 polarization) or 20 ng/mL IL-4 (M2 polarization) for 24 h. When needed, chemical inhibitors were added with IL-4.
2011-09-15 | E-GEOD-32164 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Classically (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages play distinct roles in various physiological and disease processes. Understanding the gene transcription programs that contribute to macrophage polarization along the M1/M2 spectrum may lead to new tools to detect and therapeutically manipulate macrophage phenotype. Here, we define the M1 and M2 macrophage signature through mRNA microarray. The M1 macrophage signature was defined by 629 up-regulated and 732 down-regulated genes while the M2 macrophage signature was formed by 388 up-regulated and 425 down-regulated genes. While a subset of probes was common to both M1 and M2 cells, others were exclusive to each macrophage subset. The common M1/M2 pathways were characterized by changes in various transcriptional regulators and signaling partners, including increases in Kruppel-like Factor (Klf) 4, but decreases in Klf2. To identify M1 and M2 biomarkers that help discriminate these populations, we selected genes that were increased during M1 or M2 differentiation but decreased in the opposite population. Among top novel M1-distinct genes, we identified CD38, G-protein coupled receptor 18 (Gpr18) and Formyl peptide receptor 2 (Fpr2). Among top M2 genes, we found early growth response protein 2 (Egr2) and Myc. We validated these genes by Real-Time PCR and developed a CD38/Egr2-based flow cytometry assay that discriminates between M1 and M2 macrophages. Overall, this work defines the M1 and M2 signature and identifies several novel M1 and M2 genes that may be used to distinguish and manipulate M1 and M2 macrophages. Total RNA was prepared from bone marrow-derived macrophages of wild-type mice (n=2-3 independent mice) treated in M0, M1 or M2 conditions (n=2-3 replicates per condition originating from different mice)
2015-12-08 | E-GEOD-69607 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Background: When exposed to specific stimuli, macrophages exhibit distinct activation programs, M1 and M2 polarization, that define macrophage function as inflammatory/immune effectors or anti-inflammatory/tissue remodeling cells, respectively. Due to their position on the lung epithelial surface, alveolar macrophages (AM) directly interact with environmental stimuli such as cigarette smoke, the major risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Based on the current paradigm that, in response to smoking, AM contribute to both inflammatory and tissue remodeling processes in the lung relevant to the pathogenesis of COPD, we hypothesized that chronic exposure to cigarette smoking activates both the M1 and M2 polarization programs in AM. Methods and Findings: To assess this hypothesis, global transcriptional profiling with TaqMan confirmation and flow cytometry analysis was carried out on AM obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of 24 healthy nonsmokers, 34 healthy smokers and 12 smokers with COPD to assess the expression of 41 M1 genes and 32 M2 genes in each group. Contrary to our expectations, while there was up-regulation of some genes typical for M2-related phenotypes, AM of healthy smokers exhibited substantial suppression of M1-related inflammatory/immune genes. These M1- and M2-related changes progressed with the development of smoking-induced lung disease, with AM of smokers with COPD exhibiting further down-regulation of M1-related genes accompanied with further up-regulation of some M2-related genes. Conclusion: The data demonstrates that the modifications of the AM transcriptome associated with smoking result in a unique phenotype characterized by reprogramming of AM towards M1-deactivated partially M2-polarized macrophages and suggests that, while AM likely contribute to smoking-induced tissue remodeling, the role of AM in the early pathogenesis of smoking-induced COPD in humans is not inflammatory. This concept is a departure from the conventional concept that AM-mediated inflammation participates in the early derangements of the lung induced by smoking, and suggests a novel paradigm for conceptualizing COPD and developing new approaches to prevent the development of smoking-induced lung disease. Comparison of gene expression in alveolar macrophages of normal non-smokers and normal smokers and smokers with COPD
2009-08-09 | E-GEOD-13896 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Skeletal muscle aging is a major causative factor for disability and frailty in the elderly. Recent theories about the origins of the progressive impairment of skeletal muscle with aging emphasize a disequilibrium between damage and repair. Macrophages participate in muscle tissue repair first as pro-inflammatory M1 subtype and then as M2 anti-inflammatory subtype. However, information on macrophage presence in skeletal muscle is still sporadic and the effect of aging on different phenotypes remains unknown. In this study, we sought to characterize the polarization status of macrophages human skeletal muscle at different ages. We found that most macrophages in human skeletal muscle are M2, and that this number increased with advancing age. On the contrary, M1 macrophages decline with aging, making the total number of macrophages invariant with older age. Notably, M2 macrophages co-localized with increasing intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) in aging skeletal muscle. The mouse strain BALB/c, intrinsically M2-prone, showed increased IMAT and regenerating myofibers in skeletal muscle, accompanied by elevated expression of adipocyte markers and M2 cytokines. Collectively, we report that polarization of macrophages to the major M2 subtype is associated with IMAT, and propose that increased M2 in aged skeletal muscle may reflect active repair of aging-associated muscle damage.
2022-01-01 | GSE125481 | GEO
Project description:In response to microenvironmental signals macrophages undergo different activation, indicated as classic/M1 and alternative/M2 polarization. C-Myc transcription factor could be an essential player in M2 polarization. Functional relevance of c-Myc in M2 macrophage biology is investigated by evaluating the effect of 100-58F4, on the transcriptional profile induced on human macrophages by IL-4.
2011-09-16 | GSE32164 | GEO