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Project description:The intracellular signaling molecule cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) regulates many processes in bacteria, with a central role in controlling the switch between motile and nonmotile lifestyles. Recent work has shown that in Clostridium difficile (also called Clostridioides difficile), c-di-GMP regulates swimming and surface motility, biofilm formation, toxin production, and intestinal colonization. In this study, we determined the transcriptional regulon of c-di-GMP in C. difficile, employing overexpression of a diguanylate cyclase gene to artificially manipulate intracellular c-di-GMP. Consistent with prior work, c-di-GMP regulated the expression of genes involved in swimming and surface motility. c-di-GMP also affected the expression of multiple genes encoding cell envelope proteins, several of which affected biofilm formation in vitro A substantial proportion of the c-di-GMP regulon appears to be controlled either directly or indirectly via riboswitches. We confirmed the functionality of 11 c-di-GMP riboswitches, demonstrating their effects on downstream gene expression independent of the upstream promoters. The class I riboswitches uniformly functioned as "off" switches in response to c-di-GMP, while class II riboswitches acted as "on" switches. Transcriptional analyses of genes 3' of c-di-GMP riboswitches over a broad range of c-di-GMP levels showed that relatively modest changes in c-di-GMP levels are capable of altering gene transcription, with concomitant effects on microbial behavior. This work expands the known c-di-GMP signaling network in C. difficile and emphasizes the role of the riboswitches in controlling known and putative virulence factors in C. difficileIMPORTANCE In Clostridium difficile, the signaling molecule c-di-GMP regulates multiple processes affecting its ability to cause disease, including swimming and surface motility, biofilm formation, toxin production, and intestinal colonization. In this study, we used RNA-seq to define the transcriptional regulon of c-di-GMP in C. difficile Many new targets of c-di-GMP regulation were identified, including multiple putative colonization factors. Transcriptional analyses revealed a prominent role for riboswitches in c-di-GMP signaling. Only a subset of the 16 previously predicted c-di-GMP riboswitches were functional in vivo and displayed potential variability in their response kinetics to c-di-GMP. This work underscores the importance of studying c-di-GMP riboswitches in a relevant biological context and highlights the role of the riboswitches in controlling gene expression in C. difficile.
| S-EPMC6200980 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hypervirulent epidemic strains of Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), referred to as NAPI/027, express an additional virulence factor, binary toxin (CDT), and are associated with more severe disease. Emerging evidence indicates gut immunity to C. difficile is a delicate balance between protection and pathology. To identify potential therapeutic host immune targets, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of host genes altered by NAPI/027 infection and identified interleukin-33 (IL-33) as a candidate immune target. Using a murine model, we show that both endogenous IL-33 and exogenous IL-33 treatment protect from the enhanced mortality, weight-loss and tissue pathology which is characteristic of hypervirulent C. difficile. IL-33 mediated protection was elicited through type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and adoptive transfer of purified ILC2s was sufficient to mitigate CDI- associated mortality and weight-loss. Furthermore, dysregulated IL-33 signaling via the soluble IL-33 decoy receptor (sST2) predicted disease severity and mortality in human patients. Lastly, colonic IL-33 expression appears to be regulated by the microbiota as antibiotic- depletion of IL-33 was rescued with mouse fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) and a human fecal spore preparation (HSP). Thus, IL-33 signaling is a novel therapeutic pathway for severe CDI which can potentially be targeted with rationally designed microbial therapies.
2019-05-09 | GSE122013 | GEO
Project description:Cyclic diguanylate regulates virulence factor genes via multiple riboswitches in Clostridium difficile
| PRJNA491935 | ENA
Project description:C. difficile was grown in either anaerobic conditions or 2% oxygen and gene expression was compared
2018-01-14 | GSE109175 | GEO
Project description:C. difficile was grown in BHIS broth or BHIS broth with 75uM dipridyl and gene expression was compared.
2018-01-20 | GSE109453 | GEO
Project description:Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger that regulates many biological processes in bacteria. The genome in Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes a single copy of the diguanylate cyclase gene (dgc) responsible for c-di-GMP synthesis. To determine the role of c-di-GMP signaling in M. tuberculosis, the mutant strain of Δdgc was generated in the virulent H37Rv strain. We used whole genome microarray expression profiling as a discovery platform to identify the genes controlled by c-di-GMP in M. tuberculosis, providing molecular proof for the phenotypes modulated by the signaling.
2013-10-09 | GSE37973 | GEO
Project description:Clostridium difficile is an important nosocomial pathogen and the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. Antibiotic use is the primary risk factor for the development of C. difficile-associated disease because it disrupts normal protective gut flora and enables C. difficile to colonize the colon. C. difficile damages host tissue by secreting toxins and disseminates by forming spores. The toxin-encoding genes, tcdA and tcdB are part of a pathogenicity locus, which also encodes the gene tcdR that codes for the toxin genes positive regulator. TcdR is an alternate sigma factor that initiates transcription of tcdA and tcdB at their promoters. Alternative sigma factors are known to regulate virulence and virulence associated genes in many pathogenic bacteria. We created a tcdR mutant in the epidemic-type C. difficile R20291 strain in an attempt to identify the global role of tcdR. A site-directed mutation in tcdR affected both toxin production and sporulation in C. difficile R20291. Spores derived from the tcdR mutant were found to be mildly temperature sensitive. Moreover, nearly two fold more taurocholate was needed to germinate spores from the tcdR mutant than the spores prepared from the wild-type parent strain. Comparison of the tcdR mutant transcriptome with the parent strain revealed many differentially expressed late sporulation genes in the tcdR mutant. These data suggests that gene regulatory networks of toxin production and sporulation in Clostridium difficile are linked with each other.
2017-03-07 | GSE85395 | GEO
Project description:Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming enteric anaerobe which can infect humans and a wide variety of animal species. Recently, the incidence and severity of human C. difficile infection has markedly increased. In this study, we evaluated the genomic content of 73 C. difficile strains isolated from humans, horses, cattle, and pigs by comparative genomic hybridization with microarrays containing coding sequences from C. difficile strains 630 and QCD-32g58. The sequenced genome of C. difficile strain 630 was used as a reference to define a candidate core genome of C. difficile and to explore correlations between host origins and genetic diversity. Approximately 16% of the genes in strain 630 were highly conserved among all strains, representing the core complement of functional genes defining C. difficile. Absent or divergent genes in the tested strains were distributed across the entire C. difficile 630 genome and across all the predicted functional categories. Interestingly, certain genes were conserved among strains from a specific host species, but divergent in isolates with other host origins. This information provides insight into the genomic changes which might contribute to host adaptation. Due to a high degree of divergence among C. difficile strains, a core gene list from this study offers the first step toward the construction of diagnostic arrays for C. difficile.
2008-02-01 | GSE9693 | GEO
Project description:Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming enteric anaerobe which can infect humans and a wide variety of animal species. Recently, the incidence and severity of human C. difficile infection has markedly increased. In this study, we evaluated the genomic content of 73 C. difficile strains isolated from humans, horses, cattle, and pigs by comparative genomic hybridization with microarrays containing coding sequences from C. difficile strains 630 and QCD-32g58. The sequenced genome of C. difficile strain 630 was used as a reference to define a candidate core genome of C. difficile and to explore correlations between host origins and genetic diversity. Approximately 16% of the genes in strain 630 were highly conserved among all strains, representing the core complement of functional genes defining C. difficile. Absent or divergent genes in the tested strains were distributed across the entire C. difficile 630 genome and across all the predicted functional categories. Interestingly, certain genes were conserved among strains from a specific host species, but divergent in isolates with other host origins. This information provides insight into the genomic changes which might contribute to host adaptation. Due to a high degree of divergence among C. difficile strains, a core gene list from this study offers the first step toward the construction of diagnostic arrays for C. difficile.investigated by determining changes in transcript profiles when aerobic steady-state cultures were depleted of air.
2010-12-01 | GSE19343 | GEO
Project description:CodY, a global regulatory protein that monitors the nutrient sufficiency of the environment by responding to the intracellular levels of GTP and the branched-chain amino acids, was previously shown to be a potent repressor of toxin gene expression in Clostridium difficile during growth in rich medium. In the intestinal tract, such derepression of toxin synthesis may lead to destruction of epithelial cells and the liberation of potential nutrients for the bacterium. CodY is likely to play an important role in regulating overall cellular physiology as well. In this study, DNA microarray analysis and affinity purification of CodY-DNA complexes were used to identify and distinguish the direct and indirect effects of CodY on global gene transcription. A codY null mutation resulted in >4-fold overexpression of 146 genes (organized in 82 apparent transcription units) and underexpression of 19 genes. In addition to the toxin genes, genes for amino acid biosynthesis, nutrient transport, fermentation pathways, membrane components and surface proteins were overexpressed in the codY mutant. Genome-wide analysis identified more than 350 CodY binding regions, many of which are likely to correspond to sites of direct CodY-mediated regulation. About 60% of the CodY-repressed transcription units were associated with binding regions. Several of these genes were confirmed to be direct targets of CodY by gel mobility shift and DNase I footprinting assays.
2010-10-09 | GSE23192 | GEO