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Granulosa cells of ovarian antral follicles exhibit distinct follicle size-related processes

ABSTRACT: Antral follicle size might be a valuable additive predictive marker for IVF outcome. However, while some studies show positive relations between follicle size and reproductive outcome, others have not been successful in establishing this relation. To better understand consequences of antral follicle size for reproductive outcome, we aimed to obtain insight in follicle size-related granulosa cell processes, as granulosa cells play an essential role in follicular development via the production of growth factors, steroids and metabolic intermediates, needed for follicular growth and oocyte development. Using pigs as a model, we compared gene and protein expression in granulosa cells of smaller and larger follicles in the healthy antral follicle pool at the start of the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. In sows, the early antral follicle pool is very heterogeneous when e.g. size and steroid content of the follicular fluid are considered. To which extent this variety contributes to the developmental competence of the follicles is not clear. Therefore, sows with high variation in antral follicle size (HighVAR) as well as sows with low variation in antral follicle size (LowVAR) were used. Granulosa cells of smaller antral follicles in the healthy antral follicle pool show increased cell proliferation, which was accompanied by a metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis (i.e. the Warburg effect), similar to other highly proliferating cells. High granulosa cell proliferation rates in smaller follicles might be regulated via increased granulosa cell expression of AR and EGFR which are activated in response to locally produced mitogens. While granulosa cells of smaller follicles in the pool were more proliferative, indicative of higher follicular growth, granulosa cells of larger follicles in the pool showed less proliferation and were more differentiated, as they showed a higher expression of follicular maturation marker IGF1 and ANGPT1. Our results imply that the inclusion of strict criteria of antral follicle size in IVF protocols might improve reproductive outcome. In addition, we have granulosa cell gene expression of healthy follicles to unravel underlying mechanisms of differences in COC morphology. We compared gene expression in sows with low vs. high-COC-health and found a decreased expression of genes involved in ovarian steroidogenesis (e.g. CYP19A1, ADM, SPP1) and higher expression of genes involved in follicular atresia (e.g. GADD45A, INHBB) in sows with low-COC-health. Thereby we have identified several genes which may serve as markers for follicle developmental competence.

ORGANISM(S): Sus scrofa

PROVIDER: GSE125189 | GEO | 2019/08/15

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:In mammals, ovarian folliculogenesis leading to the ovulation of completely mature oocytes is a long and complex process that is regulated at different levels. The mechanisms that underlie the selection of one or several dominant follicles as well as the regulation of the number of ovulating follicles are largely unknown. In this project, we proposed to study the genetic determinism that underlies the difference of ovulation rate between species (cattle and pigs), by studying two processes that exist in ovary: follicular development and follicular atresia. Towards this purpose, we made a comparative transcriptomics study on granulosa cells. Pig and cattle comparison was achieved by a transcriptome analysis with a 9K nylon pig microarray (GPL3729) on granulosa cells from either small healthy antral follicles (SHF), small atretic follicles (SAF) or large healthy antral follicles (LHF). The images were quantified using AGscan software and the data were managed with BASE software. Statistical analysis was performed using R software. Transcriptomic analysis on pig and cattle evidenced 997 differentially expressed genes (FDR1%) between the three follicle classes and/or the two species. This research project which implicated three laboratories from INRA: "Laboratoire de Genetique Cellulaire" (UMR444-LGC) , "Station d'Amelioration Genetique des Animaux" (UR 631-SAGA) and "Physiologie des Comportements et de la reproduction" (UMR 85-PRC) benefited from both European funding through SABRE project and French ANR funding through GenOvul project. Keywords: transcriptome analysis, pig, cattle, ovary, folliculogenesis, gene expression, cDNA microarray The data were obtained from 34 RNA samples: 10 small healthy follicles samples (6 for sows and 4 for cows), 13 small atretic follicles samples (7 for sows and 6 for cows) and 11 samples for large healthy follicles (6 for sows and 5 for cows). They were hybridized on a 9K pig nylon microarray (GPL3729).

Project description:Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) are three phthalates commonly found in consumer products, including the plastic coating of pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Folliculogenesis, a tightly regulated process occurring in the ovary, is the maturation of an immature primordial follicle to a mature antral follicle. Follicles house the oocyte and antral follicles specifically play a crucial role in ovarian steroidogenesis and ovulation. DBP, BBP, and DEHP have been associated with inhibited antral follicle growth in vitro, decreased ovulation rates in vitro, and decreased antral follicle counts in women. However, little is known about the effects of a three-phthalate mixture on antral follicles in vivo. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a human relevant mixture of DBP, BBP, and DEHP on ovarian follicles through proteome profiling analysis. CD-1 female mice (60 days old) were pipet fed tocopherol stripped corn oil (vehicle control) only or a phthalate mixture (52% DBP, 36% DEHP, and 12% BBP dissolved in vehicle) which modeled human follicular fluid concentrations. The mice were treated with 32µg/kg/day (PHT Mix 32; cumulative estimate in general population) and 500µg/kg/day (PHT Mix 500; cumulative estimate in occupationally exposed individuals) for 10 consecutive days. Proteome profiling of antral follicles (>250µm) was performed via label-free tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 5,417 antral follicle proteins were identified in the three groups, of which 194 were differentially abundant between the vehicle and PHT Mix 32 group, and 136 between the vehicle and PHT Mix 500 group. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the two treatments of the phthalate mixture upregulate and downregulate distinctive processes, supporting non-monotonic effects of phthalates on the antral follicle proteome. Taken together, these results reveal that a human relevant mixture of DBP, BBP, and DEHP alters the antral follicle proteome and merits further evaluation to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which phthalates cause negative reproductive outcomes.

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Granulosa cells of ovarian antral follicles exhibit distinct follicle size-related processes

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