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Unique and Shared Roles for Histone H3K36 Methylation States in Transcription Regulation Functions

ABSTRACT: Set2 co-transcriptionally methylates lysine 36 of histone H3 (H3K36), producing mono-, di-, and trimethylation (H3K36me1/2/3). These modifications recruit or repel chromatin effector proteins important for transcriptional fidelity, mRNA splicing, and DNA repair. However, it was not known whether the different methylation states of H3K36 have distinct biological functions. Here, we use engineered forms of Set2 that produce different lysine methylation states to identify unique and shared functions for H3K36 modifications. Although H3K36me1/2 and H3K36me3 are functionally redundant in many SET2 deletion phenotypes, we found that H3K36me3 has a unique function related to Bur1 kinase activity and FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) complex function. Further, during nutrient stress, either H3K36me1/2 or H3K36me3 represses high levels of histone acetylation and cryptic transcription that arises from within genes. Our findings uncover the potential for the regulation of diverse chromatin functions by different H3K36 methylation states.

ORGANISM(S): Saccharomyces cerevisiae

PROVIDER: GSE125684 | GEO | 2020/04/29

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Histone H3K36 trimethylation is essential for multiple silencing mechanisms in fission yeast.

Project description:In budding yeast, Set2 catalyzes di- and trimethylation of H3K36 (H3K36me2 and H3K36me3) via an interaction between its SRI domain and C-terminal repeats of RNA polymerase II (Pol2) phosphorylated at Ser2 and Ser5 (CTD-S2,5-P). H3K36me2 recruits the Rpd3S histone deacetylase complex to repress cryptic transcription from transcribed regions. In fission yeast, Set2 is also responsible for H3K36 methylation, which represses a subset of RNAs including heterochromatic and subtelomeric RNAs, at least in part via recruitment of Clr6 complex II, a homolog of Rpd3S. Here, we show that CTD-S2Pâdependent interaction of fission yeast Set2 with Pol2 via the SRI domain is required for formation of H3K36me3, but not H3K36me2. H3K36me3 silenced heterochromatic and subtelomeric transcripts through post-transcriptional and transcriptional mechanisms, respectively, whereas H3K36me2 did not. Clr6 complex II appeared not to be responsible for heterochromatic silencing. Our results demonstrate that H3K36 methylation has multiple outputs in fission yeast; these findings provide insight into the multiple roles of H3K36 methylation in metazoans, which have different enzymes for synthesis of H3K36me1/2 and H3K36me3. Gene expression profile at exponentially-growing phase.in the fission yeast deletion mutants of set2.

2016-02-04 | E-GEOD-66821 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Histone H3K36 trimethylation is essential for multiple silencing mechanisms in fission yeast.

Project description:In budding yeast, Set2 catalyzes di- and trimethylation of H3K36 (H3K36me2 and H3K36me3) via an interaction between its SRI domain and C-terminal repeats of RNA polymerase II (Pol2) phosphorylated at Ser2 and Ser5 (CTD-S2,5-P). H3K36me2 recruits the Rpd3S histone deacetylase complex to repress cryptic transcription from transcribed regions. In fission yeast, Set2 is also responsible for H3K36 methylation, which represses a subset of RNAs including heterochromatic and subtelomeric RNAs, at least in part via recruitment of Clr6 complex II, a homolog of Rpd3S. Here, we show that CTD-S2P–dependent interaction of fission yeast Set2 with Pol2 via the SRI domain is required for formation of H3K36me3, but not H3K36me2. H3K36me3 silenced heterochromatic and subtelomeric transcripts through post-transcriptional and transcriptional mechanisms, respectively, whereas H3K36me2 did not. Clr6 complex II appeared not to be responsible for heterochromatic silencing. Our results demonstrate that H3K36 methylation has multiple outputs in fission yeast; these findings provide insight into the multiple roles of H3K36 methylation in metazoans, which have different enzymes for synthesis of H3K36me1/2 and H3K36me3.

2016-02-04 | GSE66821 | GEO

An optogenetic switch for the Set2 methyltransferase provides evidence for transcription-dependent and independent dynamics of H3K36 methylation

Project description:Histone H3 lysine 36 methylation (H3K36me) is a conserved histone modification associated with transcription and DNA repair. Although the effects of H3K36 methylation have been studied, the genome-wide dynamics of H3K36me deposition and removal are not known. We established rapid and reversible optogenetic control for Set2, the sole H3K36 methyltransferase in yeast, by fusing the enzyme with the light activated nuclear shuttle (LANS) domain. Early H3K36me3 dynamics identified methylation in vivo, with total H3K36me3 levels correlating with RNA abundance. Although genes exhibited disparate levels of H3K36 methylation, relative rates of H3K36me3 accumulation were largely linear and consistent across genes, suggesting that H3K36me3 deposition occurs uniformly across all genes in a directed fashion regardless of transcription frequency. Removal of H3K36me3 was highly dependent on the demethylase Rph1. However, the per-gene rate of H3K36me3 loss weakly correlated with RNA abundance and followed exponential decay, suggesting H3K36 demethylases act in a global, stochastic manner. Altogether, these data provide a detailed temporal view of H3K36 methylation and demethylation that suggest transcription-dependent and independent mechanisms for H3K36me deposition and removal, respectively.

2020-07-01 | GSE153539 | GEO

Set2-mediated H3K36 methylation states redundantly repress the production of antisense transcripts:: role in transcription regulation

Project description:Histone H3K36 can be added up to three methyl groups to form mono-, di-, and tri-methylation states. Recent study has shown that Set2 can suppress a specific group of antisense transcripts, which largely depends on the presence of H3K36 methylation. However, whether different methylation states possess distinct regulatory mechanisms on antisense transcripts is still unclear. In this study, we identified two yeast mutants that lack H3K36 di-methylation and tri-methylation, respectively. We also identified novel antisense transcripts in the absence of Set2 with own bioinformatics pipeline. Our study showed that the expression of these antisense transcripts does not affect the expression of corresponding sense genes. Different H3K36 methylation states (me2/me3) are not specific for the regulation of antisense expression, implying a co-regulation mechanism between them. Altogether, our study developed a method to identify new antisense transcripts, examined the potential effect of H3K36 di-methylation and tri-methylation on production of antisense transcripts. This study would shed light on the mechanism underlying how H3K36 methylation functions in the production of antisense transcripts.

2021-06-19 | GSE167338 | GEO

Bre1-mediated Set2 protein degradation promotes chronological aging in budding yeast [RNA-seq]

Project description:Histone modification affects life span in various organisms. The loss of Histone H3K36 methylation can shorten replicative life span in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, budding yeast, as a model organism for aging research, has replicative life span (RLS) and chronological life span (CLS). In this study, we showed that the loss of Histone H3K36 methylation can shorten CLS in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identified Ubc3/Bre1 mediates polyubiquitination of Set2 K25 and K530 at log phase and stationary phase, and Bre1 interacts with Ubc3 and Rad6 simultaneously. BRE1 knockout can stabilize Set2 protein to maintain H3K36me3 and regulate the transcription of aging related genes, such as DSE1/DSE2/SUN4/EGT2/SCW11. We also proved that Gcn5-mediated Set2 acetylation regulates Set2 protein stability and chronological aging. Altogether, our study showed that knockout of BRE1 and GCN5 regulate Set2 protein level by mediating the polyubiquitination of Set2 to influence the level of H3K36me3 and the transcription level of aging related genes enriched by H3K36me3, thereby extending the chronological life span.

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Bre1-mediated Set2 protein degradation promotes chronological aging in budding yeast [ChIP-seq]

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Phosphorylation of methyltransferase Set2p and demethylase Jhd1p and its association with histone H3K36 methylation and stress response pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Project description:Histone lysine methylation is a key epigenetic modification that regulates eukaryotic transcription. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it is controlled by a reduced but evolutionarily conserved suite of methyltransferase (Set1p, Set2p, Dot1p, and Set5p) and demethylase (Jhd1p, Jhd2p, Rph1p, and Gis1p) enzymes. Many of these enzymes are extensively phosphorylated in vivo; however, the functions of specific phosphosites are poorly understood. Here, we comprehensively investigate the phosphoregulation of the yeast histone methylation network by analysing 40 phosphosites on six enzymes through mutagenesis. A total of 82 genomically-edited S. cerevisiae strains were generated and screened for changes in native H3K4, H3K36, and H3K79 methylation levels, and for sensitivity to environmental stress conditions. This demonstrated the functional relevance of phosphosites on methyltransferase Set2p (S6, S8, S10, and T127) and demethylase Jhd1p (S44) in the regulation of H3K36 methylation in vivo, and in the coordination of specific stress response pathways in budding yeast. Proteomic analysis of SET2 mutants revealed that phosphorylation site mutations lead to significant downregulation of membrane-associated proteins and processes, consistent with changes brought about by SET2 deletion. This study represents the first systematic investigation into the phosphoregulation of an entire epigenetic network in any eukaryote, and our findings establish phosphorylation as an important regulator of histone lysine methylation in S. cerevisiae.

2022-03-07 | PXD029088 | Pride

set2 buratowski lab

Project description:H3K36 methylation by Set2 targets Rpd3S histone deacetylase to 3Ã¢ÂÂ transcribed regions, repressing internal cryptic promoters and slowing elongation. To further explore the function of this pathway, global transcription was analyzed in yeast experiencing a series of carbon source shifts. Many previously unreported cryptic ncRNAs are induced by specific carbon sources, showing that cryptic promoters can be environmentally regulated. Also, approximately 230 mRNA genes show altered induction or repression upon SET2 deletion. A majority of Set2-repressed genes have overlapping lncRNA transcription. At these promoters, H3K36me3 and deacetylation by Rpd3S leads to slower or reduced induction. Unexpectedly, Set2 derepresses 159 genes, apparently by mediating a balance between Rpd3S and Rpd3L. Therefore, in addition to repression of cryptic transcription, H3K36 methylation maintains optimal expression dynamics of many mRNAs.

2016-09-25 | E-MTAB-4268 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Systematic perturbations of SETD2, NSD1, NSD2, NSD3 and ASH1L reveals their distinct contributions to H3K36 methylation

Project description:Methylation of histone 3 lysine 36 (H3K36me) has emerged as an essential epigenetic component for the faithful regulation of gene expression. Despite its demonstrated importance in development, disease, and cancer, the molecular agents responsible for the deposition of H3K36me are not yet well understood. Here, we use a mouse mesenchymal stem cell model to comprehensively perturb the components of the H3K36me deposition machinery and infer the activities of the five most prominent players: SETD2, NSD1, NSD2, NSD3, and ASH1L. We find that H3K36me2 is the most abundant of the three methylation states and that it is predominantly deposited at intergenic regions by NSD1, and in part by NSD2. In contrast, H3K36me1/3 are most abundant within exons and have a positive correlation with gene expression. We further demonstrate that while SETD2 is responsible for depositing most H3K36me3, it also deposits a modest amount of H3K36me2 within transcribed genes. Additionally, loss of SETD2 results in an increase of exonic H3K36me1, suggesting that other H3K36 methyltransferases may prime gene bodies with lower methylation states ahead of transcription. Through a reductive approach, we uncover the genome-wide distribution patterns of NSD3- and ASH1L-catalyzed H3K36me2. While NSD1/2 establish broad intergenic H3K36me2 domains, NSD3 deposits broad H3K36me2 peaks centered on active promoter and enhancer regions. Meanwhile, the activity of ASH1L is focused primarily on the promoters of developmentally relevant genes, and our analyses implicate PBX2 as a potential recruitment factor for ASH1L to these regions. Overall, our study provides new insights into the regulation of H3K36me by the H3K36 methyltransferase family and helps to consolidate the wealth of previous observations in the context of a structured analysis.

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The role of H3K36 methylation and associated methyl transferases in chromosome-specific gene regulation

Project description:In Drosophila, two chromosomes require special mechanisms to balance their transcriptional output to the rest of the genome. These are the male-specific lethal complex targeting the male X chromosome and Painting of fourth targeting chromosome 4. Here, we explore the role of histone H3 methylated at lysine-36 (H3K36) and the associated methyltransferases—Set2, NSD, and Ash1—in these two chromosome-specific systems. We show that the loss of Set2 impairs the MSL complex–mediated dosage compensation; however, the effect is not recapitulated by H3K36 replacement and indicates an alternative target of Set2. Unexpectedly, balanced transcriptional output from the fourth chromosome requires intact H3K36 and depends on the additive functions of NSD and Ash1. We conclude that H3K36 methylation and the associated methyltransferases are important factors to balance transcriptional output of the male X chromosome and the fourth chromosome. Furthermore, our study highlights the pleiotropic effects of these enzymes.

2021-08-10 | GSE166934 | GEO

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