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Mutant FOXL2C134W hijacks SMAD4 and SMAD2/3 to drive adult granulosa cell tumors

ABSTRACT: The FOXL2 mutant C134W occurs in virtually all adult ovarian granulosa cell tumors (AGCT), and is considered a driver of oncogenesis in this disease. However, the mechanism by which FOXL2C134W contributes to tumorigenesis is not known. Here, we show that mutant FOXL2C134W acquires the ability to bind SMAD4, forming a FOXL2C134W/SMAD4/SMAD2/3 complex that binds a novel hybrid DNA motif AGHCAHAA, unique to the FOXL2C134W mutant. This binding induces an enhancer-like chromatin state leading to transcription of nearby genes, many of which are characteristic of stemness and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Importantly, primary AGCT tumors display a strong FOXL2C134W enrichment at hybrid loci. Ablation of SMAD4 or SMAD2/3 inhibits FOXL2C134W binding at hybrid sites and decreases transcription of associated genes. Accordingly, TGFβ-inhibition mitigates the transcriptional effect of FOXL2C134W.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE138496 | GEO | 2020/07/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Mutant FOXL2<sup>C134W</sup> Hijacks SMAD4 and SMAD2/3 to Drive Adult Granulosa Cell Tumors.

Project description:The mutant protein FOXL2C134W is expressed in at least 95% of adult-type ovarian granulosa cell tumors (AGCT) and is considered to be a driver of oncogenesis in this disease. However, the molecular mechanism by which FOXL2C134W contributes to tumorigenesis is not known. Here, we show that mutant FOXL2C134W acquires the ability to bind SMAD4, forming a FOXL2C134W/SMAD4/SMAD2/3 complex that binds a novel hybrid DNA motif AGHCAHAA, unique to the FOXL2C134W mutant. This binding induced an enhancer-like chromatin state, leading to transcription of nearby genes, many of which are characteristic of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. FOXL2C134W also bound hybrid loci in primary AGCT. Ablation of SMAD4 or SMAD2/3 resulted in strong reduction of FOXL2C134W binding at hybrid sites and decreased expression of associated genes. Accordingly, inhibition of TGFβ mitigated the transcriptional effect of FOXL2C134W. Our results provide mechanistic insight into AGCT pathogenesis, identifying FOXL2C134W and its interaction with SMAD4 as potential therapeutic targets to this condition. SIGNIFICANCE: FOXL2C134W hijacks SMAD4 and leads to the expression of genes involved in EMT, stemness, and oncogenesis in AGCT, making FOXL2C134W and the TGFβ pathway therapeutic targets in this condition. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/17/3466/F1.large.jpg.

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