RNAseq analysis of retinal microglia during early diabetes
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Rattus norvegicus
PROVIDER: GSE139276 | GEO | 2021/12/16
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Chemicals, such as MNU (N-methyl-N-nitrosourea) and NaIO3 (sodium iodate), are widely used to induce retinal degeneration in rodents. Streptozotocin (STZ) is an analog of N-acetyl glucosamine in which an MNU moiety is linked to a hexose and has a special toxic effect on insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. It is commonly used to induce hyperglycemia to model diabetes. While intracerebroventricular injection of STZ can produce Alzheimer's disease independent of hyperglycemia, most retinal studies using STZ focus on the effects of hyperglycemia on the retina, but whether STZ has any impact on retinal cells independent of hyperglycemia is unknown. We aimed to investigate the role of cytotoxicity of STZ in rat retina. Intravitreal (5ug or 10ug) or subcutaneous (30mg/kg) injection of STZ at the early stage of newborn rats couldn’t induce hyperglycemia but caused NSIR (neonatal STZ-induced retinopathy), including reduced ERG amplitudes, retinal rosettes and apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, microglial activation, and delayed retinal angiogenesis. STZ did not affect the early-born retinal cell types but significantly reduced the late-born ones. Short-term and long-term hyperglycemia had no significant effects on the NSIR phenotypes. RNA sequencing revealed that STZ induces oxidative stress and activates the p53 pathway of retinal cells. Locally or systemically, STZ injection after P8 couldn’t induce NSIR when all retinal progenitors exit the cell cycle. Thus, NSIR in rats is independent of hyperglycemia but due to STZ’s direct cytotoxic effects on retinal progenitor cells. NSIR is a typical reaction to STZ-induced retinal oxidative stress and DNA damage. This significant finding suggests that NSIR may be a valuable model for studying retinal progenitor DNA damage-related diseases, potentially leading to new insights and treatments.
2024-07-16 | GSE272311 | GEO
Project description:Purpose. Patients with diabetic retinopathy may experience severe vision loss due to macular edema and neovascularization secondary to vascular abnormalities. However, before these abnormalities become apparent, there are functional deficits in contrast sensitivity, color perception, and dark adaptation. The goals of this study are to evaluate early changes (up to 3 months) in retinal gene expression, selected visual cycle proteins, and optokinetic tracking (OKT) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.Methods. Retinal gene expression in diabetic Long Evans rats was measured by whole genome microarray 7 days, 4 weeks, and three months after onset of hyperglycemia. Select gene and protein changes were probed by PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively, and OKT thresholds were measured using a virtual optokinetics system. Results. Microarray analysis showed that the most consistently affected molecular and cellular functions were cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, cell death, cellular growth and proliferation, molecular transport, and cellular movement. Further analysis revealed reduced expression of several genes encoding visual cycle proteins including lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-specific protein 65kDa (RPE65) and RPE retinal G protein coupled receptor (RGR). Immunohistochemistry revealed a decrease in RPE65 in the RPE layer of diabetic rats. These molecular changes occurred simultaneously with a decrease in OKT thresholds by 4 weeks of diabetes. Conclusions. The data presented here are further evidence that inner retinal cells are affected by hyperglycemia prior to vasculopathy suggesting that glial and neuronal dysfunction may underlie some of the early visual deficits in diabetics. At each of the three timepoints (day 7, day 28, and day 84) one retina each from three diabetic rats were pooled for analysis on a single microarray chip. Three independent experiments were conducted for each group (n=9 animals/group). Each timepoint contained a hyperglycemic (STZ) and a control (buffer injection only) group. Additionally, on day 7 gene changes in the retina of rats which received a single injection of STZ, but did not develop hyperglycemia (STZ-non-c) were analyzed.
2011-10-31 | E-GEOD-28831 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:We observe morphological changes of retinal microglia during early stages of diabetic retinopathy in STZ-treated mice. Therefore, in this experiment we assess the impact of STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy on retinal microglia transcriptome during early stages of disease.
2023-10-30 | GSE222005 | GEO
Project description:Mice deficient in the LDL receptor (LDLR KO mice) fed with high fat diet (HFD) feeding have been widely used as a model to mimic human atherosclerosis. RNA-seq using aortic macrophages to investigate the effects of aortic macrophages on the plaque size progression. LDLR KO mice, 6-8 weeks old, were used, and fed with either an alternative HFD or a regular HFD. After aorta macrophages were isolated, RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) was used to isolate mRNA. Single end (50bp), unstranded, SMART-Seq v4 plus nextera (SMART-Seq v4 Ultra Low Input RNA Kit (Takara) ). The RNA-seq libraries were prepared with SMART-Seq v4 Ultra Low Input RNA Kit (Takara).
2024-07-31 | E-MTAB-12759 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:We found that hyperglycemia and elevated fatty acids in diabetes could activate protein kinase C-β isoforms and selectively induce insulin resistance via inhibiting vascular insulin signaling. To further investigate the effect of high fat diet and specific PKC β inactivation on STZ-induced atherosclerosis using the PKC β inhibitor, ruboxistaurin (RBX, or LY333531), ApoE-/- mice were used and fed with high fat diet (42% of fat Kcal) with or without RBX after onset of diabetes. Isolated total RNA from whole aortas of each group was used and analyzed for gene expression. The gene expression profiles were processed by using the Microarray Suite version 5.0 (MAS 5.0) with Affymetrix default analysis settings. ApoE-/- mice were used as a rodent atherosclerosis model. Isolated total RNA from aortas of each ApoE-/- mouse fed with high fat diet for 10 weeks after STZ-induced diabetes or control groups were used for preparation and hybridization on Affymetrix microarrays. There were total 4 different mice groups, which were fed with high fat diet with or without RBX. Each group had four individual mouse (N=4).
2016-03-26 | E-GEOD-79623 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Insulin deficiency and uncontrolled diabetes lead to a catabolic state with decreased muscle strength, contributing to disease-related morbidity. FoxO transcription factors are suppressed by insulin and thus are key mediators of insulin action. To study their role in diabetic muscle wasting, we created mice with muscle-specific triple knockout of FoxO1/3/4 and induced diabetes in these M-FoxO-TKO mice with streptozotocin (STZ). Muscle mass and myofiber area were decreased 20-30% in STZ-Diabetes mice due to increased ubiquitin-proteasome degradation and autophagy alterations, characterized by increased LC3-containing vesicles, and elevated levels of phosphorylated ULK1 and LC3-II. Both the muscle loss and markers of increased degradation/autophagy were completely prevented in STZ FoxO-TKO mice. Transcriptomic analyses revealed FoxO-dependent increases in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathways in STZ-Diabetes, including regulation of Fbxo32 (Atrogin1), Trim63 (MuRF1), Bnip3L, and Gabarapl. These same genes were increased 1.4- to 3.3-fold in muscle from humans with type 1 diabetes after short-term insulin deprivation. Thus, FoxO-regulated genes play a rate-limiting role in increased protein degradation and muscle atrophy in insulin-deficient diabetes.
2019-09-05 | GSE136948 | GEO
Project description:The ability to isolate pure pancreatic ß-cells would greatly aid multiple areas of diabetes research. We developed an exendin-4-like neopeptide conjugate for the rapid purification and isolation of functional pancreatic ß-cells. By targeting the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, ß-cells were isolated within an hour and were >99% pure. These studies were confirmed by immunostaining, confocal microscopy and microarray analysis on isolated cells. Gene expression profiling studies of the cytofluorometrically sorted ß-cells provided new insights into the genetic programs at play of different ages and stages during type-1 diabetes development. The described isolation method should have broad applicability to the ß-cell field.
2015-09-04 | GSE64508 | GEO
Project description:The aim of this study was to identify proteomic alterations associated with functional dysregulation of the retina with diabetes that could eventually be used as surrogate endpoints in preclinical drug testing studies. A multi-modal approach of antibody (Luminex)-, electrophoresis (2-DIGE)-, and LC-MS (iTRAQ)-based quantitation methods was used to provide broad coverage of the retinal proteome. Transcriptional profiling through microarray analysis was also included to increase coverage and provide insight into potential regulation of protein expression changes at the mRNA level. The different technologies proved complementary, with limited coverage overlap between methods. Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley male rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) by intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in 10mM sodium citrate pH 4.5 vehicle. Control rats were injected with an equal dose of vehicle only. Rats had free access to food and water, and were maintained on a 12 hour light/dark cycle. Blood glucose level and body weight were measured 6 days post-STZ or vehicle injection, and biweekly throughout the experiment. Only rats with blood glucose levels >250 mg/dL at the time of the original test and throughout the experiment were included in the diabetic groups. At the time of retina harvest, rats were given a lethal dose of pentobarbital, 100 mg/kg, (Ovation Pharmaceuticals Inc., Deerfield, IL) by intraperitoneal injection and sacrificed by decapitation. Retinas were rapidly excised snap- frozen in liquid nitrogen for subsequent experimentation.
2010-06-01 | E-GEOD-20886 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:The targeted muscle insulin receptor knockout (MIRKO) model was used, in which there is a complete absence of the insulin-receptor signaling in skeletal muscle but normal insulin and glucose levels. By comparing skeletal muscle gene-expression profiles from MIRKO mice and their controls (lox/lox) under three different metabolic conditions (namely, in the basal state, after streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, and after STZ-induced diabetes rendered euglycemic with insulin treatment), we can address the following three important questions. (i) What is the direct effect of the loss of insulin signaling on gene expression in skeletal muscle? (ii) What is the contribution of the metabolic and other changes that accompany diabetes to induce indirect changes in gene expression? (iii) How are these pathways regulated and implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetes?
2006-11-24 | E-CBIL-19 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Endothelial dysfunction promotes the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is considered to be an early event in disease progression. However, the molecular changes associated with glomerular endothelial cell (GEC) injury in early DN are not well defined. Most gene expression studies have relied on the indirect assessment of GEC injury from isolated glomeruli or renal cortices. Here, we present transcriptomic analysis of isolated GECs, using streptozotocin-induced diabetic wildtype (STZ-WT) and diabetic eNOS-null (STZ-eNOS−/−) mice as models of mild and advanced DN, respectively. GECs of both models in comparison to their respective nondiabetic controls showed significant alterations in the regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and proliferation. The extent of these changes was greater in STZ-eNOS−/− than in STZ-WT GECs. Additionally, genes in STZ-eNOS−/− GECs indicated further dysregulation in angiogenesis and epigenetic regulation. Moreover, a biphasic change in the number of GECs, characterized by an initial increase and subsequent decrease over time, was observed only in STZ-eNOS−/− mice. This is consistent with an early compensatory angiogenic process followed by increased apoptosis, leading to an overall decrease in GEC survival in DN progression. From the genes altered in angiogenesis in STZ-eNOS−/− GECs, we identified potential candidate genes, Lrg1 and Gpr56, whose function may augment diabetes-induced angiogenesis. Thus, our results support a role for GEC in DN by providing direct evidence for alterations of GEC gene expression and molecular pathways. Candidate genes of specific pathways, such as Lrg1 and Gpr56, can be further explored for potential therapeutic targeting to mitigate the initiation and progression of DN.
2018-12-01 | GSE123177 | GEO