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Exercise during pregnancy prevents parental obesity-induced decline of metabolic function in adult offspring [RNA-Seq]

ABSTRACT: It is known that both maternal and paternal health/disease can influence the early development and later metabolic homeostasis of the offspring. We investigated whether maternal exercise during gestation alone could protect the offspring from the adverse effects of either maternal or paternal obesity induced by high-fat diet (HFD). To understand the underlying mechanisms we performed transcriptomics, whole-genome DNA methylation and targeted DNA methylation analysis at the metabolic master regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g coactivator-1a (Pgc-1a) promoter in the adult offspring skeletal muscle. Both maternal and paternal HFD resulted in impaired glucose tolerance in the offspring at 9 months of age. Maternal exercise during gestation completely mitigated this metabolic impairment induced by either maternal or paternal HFD. Adult offspring exposed to either maternal or paternal HFD without exercise during gestation had skeletal muscle transcriptional profiles enriched in genes regulating inflammation and immune responses, whereas maternal exercise resulted in a transcriptional profile that was more similar to control offspring from normal chow fed parents. Changes in promoter and CpG DNA methylation were detected between the groups but did not explain the transcriptional changes. Maternal HFD increased methylation of the Pgc-1α promoter at CpG -260, which was prevented by maternal exercise. Paternal HFD did not affect the methylation of the Pgc-1α promoter. These findings demonstrate the negative consequences of maternal and paternal obesity for the offspring’s metabolic outcomes later in life and the clear benefits of maternal exercise during gestation. The mechanisms involve transcriptional regulation of skeletal muscle likely through multiple types of epigenetic modifications.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE144109 | GEO | 2021/07/30

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Maternal obesity can program metabolic syndrome in offspring but the mechanisms are not well characterized. Moreover, the consequences of maternal overnutrition in the absence of frank obesity remain poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the effects of maternal consumption of a high fat-sucrose diet on the skeletal muscle metabolic and transcriptional profiles of adult offspring. Female Sprague Dawley rats were fed either a diet rich in saturated fat and sucrose (HFD, 23.5% fat, 20% sucrose wt/wt) or a standard chow diet (NFD, 7% fat, 10% sucrose w/w) for the 3 weeks prior to mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Although maternal weights were not different between groups at conception or weaning, HFD dams were ~22% heavier than chow fed dams from mid-pregnancy until 4 days post-partum. Adult male offspring of HFD dams were not heavier than controls but demonstrated features of insulin resistance including elevated plasma insulin concentration (+40%, P<0.05). Next Generation mRNA Sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes in the soleus muscle of offspring, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to detect coordinated changes that are characteristic of a biological function. GSEA identified 15 pathways enriched for up-regulated genes, including cytokine signaling (P<0.005), starch and sucrose metabolism (P<0.017), and inflammatory response (P<0.024). A further 8 pathways were significantly enriched for down-regulated genes including oxidative phosphorylation (P<0.004) and electron transport (P<0.022). Western blots confirmed a ~60% reduction in the phosphorylation of the insulin signaling protein Akt (P<0.05) and ~70% reduction in mitochondrial complexes II (P<0.05) and V expression (P<0.05). On a normal diet, offspring of HFD dams developed an insulin resistant phenotype, with transcriptional evidence of muscle cytokine activation, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. These data indicate that maternal overnutrition, even in the absence of pre-pregnancy obesity can promote metabolic dysregulation and predispose offspring to type 2 diabetes. Messenger RNA profile of skeletal muscle of male offspring from female Sprague Dawley rats fed either a diet rich in saturated fat and sucrose (HFD, 23.5% fat, 20% sucrose wt/wt) or a standard chow diet (NFD, 7% fat, 10% sucrose w/w) for the 3 weeks prior to mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation. There were 5 HFD samples compared to 6 NFD control samples.

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Exercise during pregnancy prevents parental obesity-induced decline of metabolic function in adult offspring [RNA-Seq]

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