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PLCG2 Regulates Divergent Microglial Functions via TREM2-Dependent and -Independent Signaling

ABSTRACT: We use genetically engineered human iPSC-derived microglia-like cells (iMG) to show that TREM2 signals through PLCγ2 to mediate cell survival, phagocytosis, and lipid metabolism following myelin challenge. Loss of TREM2 or PLCγ2 signaling leads to a shared signature of transcriptional dysregulation that underlies these phenotypes. However, PLCγ2 also signals downstream of Toll-like receptors to mediate inflammatory responses in a TREM2-independent manner. Therefore, PLCγ2 activity regulates divergent microglial functions via distinct TREM2-dependent and -independent signaling and may be involved in the transition to a microglial state associated with neurodegenerative disease.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE144120 | GEO | 2020/05/24

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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TREM2 regulates microglial cell activation in response to demyelination in vivo

Project description:Microglia are phagocytic cells that survey the brain and perform neuroprotective functions in response to tissue damage, but their activating receptors are largely unknown. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a microglial immunoreceptor whose loss-of-function mutations in humans cause presenile dementia, while genetic variants are associated with increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. In myeloid cells, TREM2 has been involved in the regulation of phagocytosis, cell proliferation and inflammatory responses in vitro. However, it is unknown how TREM2 contributes to microglia function in vivo. Here, we identify a critical role for TREM2 in the activation and function of microglia during cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination. TREM2-deficient (TREM2(-/-)) mice had defective clearance of myelin debris and more axonal pathology, resulting in impaired clinical performances compared to wild-type (WT) mice. TREM2(-/-) microglia proliferated less in areas of demyelination and were less activated, displaying a more resting morphology and decreased expression of the activation markers MHC II and inducible nitric oxide synthase as compared to WT. Mechanistically, gene expression and ultrastructural analysis of microglia suggested a defect in myelin degradation and phagosome processing during CPZ intoxication in TREM2(-/-) microglia. These findings place TREM2 as a key regulator of microglia activation in vivo in response to tissue damage. Two STAGE (6weeks 12 weeks),

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TREM2 interacts with TDP-43 and mediates microglial neuroprotection against TDP-43-related neurodegeneration

Project description:Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) is linked to neurodegenerative disease risk. However, the function of TREM in neurodegeneration is still unclear. Here we investigated the role of microglial TREM2 in TAR-DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43)-related neurodegeneration using viral-mediated and transgenic mouse models. We found that TREM2 deficiency impaired phagocytic clearance of pathological TDP-43 by microglia, and enhanced neuronal damage and motor impairments. Mass cytometry analysis revealed that hTDP-43 induced a TREM2-dependent subpopulation of microglia with high CD11c expression and phagocytic ability. Using mass spectrometry and surface plasmon resonance analysis, we further demonstrated an interaction between TDP-43 and TREM2 in vitro and in vivo as well as in ALS patient tissues. We computationally identified the region within hTDP-43 that interacts with TREM2. Our data highlights that TDP-43 is a possible ligand for microglial TREM2 and that this interaction mediates neuroprotection effects of microglia in TDP-43-related neurodegeneration.

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PLCG2 Regulates Divergent Microglial Functions via TREM2-Dependent and -Independent Signaling

Project description:PLCG2 Regulates Divergent Microglial Functions via TREM2-Dependent and -Independent Signaling

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Project description:TREM2 is a microglial-specific gene implicated in late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Recent studies have identified that Trem2-deficient mice exhibit transcriptional changes in microglial gene expression that minimize the upregulation of lipid metabolism and lysosomal genes in AD disease models. We detect similiarly attenuated expression of lipid metabolism genes in microglia isolated from brains of aged Trem2 knockout mice.

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