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Dual targeting of brain region-specific kinases potentiates neurological rescue in Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1

ABSTRACT: We performed an shRNA screen to identify novel ATXN1 protein level regulators in hope of finding some that may improve brainstem function in SCA1. We found that two closely related BTB-ZF transcription factors, ZBTB7A and ZBTB7B, positively regulate ATXN1 levels in vitro and in vivo, with ZBTB7B displaying a more pronounced effect. ZBTB7B regulates ATXN1 by regulating the transcription of RSK3 (RPS6KA2). RSK3 in turn regulates ATXN1 by phosphorylating its serine 776 (S776), a residue critical for ATXN1 stability, which is similar to another one previously identified ATXN1 kinase, MSK1. However, despite the convergent function of the two kinases, each kinase selectively regulates Atxn1 in a brain region-dependent manner; Msk1 predominantly regulates Atxn1 in the cerebellum, while Rsk3 is the predominant regulator of Atxn1 in the brainstem. Our results demonstrate that toxic protein levels can be modulated by different regulators in select brain regions, and hence targeting multiple regulators can expand therapeutic efficacy to rescue multiple degenerating brain areas.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE151276 | GEO | 2021/03/12

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Reduction of Protein Kinase A-mediated Phosphorylation of ATXN1-S776 in Purkinje Cells Delays Onset of Ataxia in a SCA1 Mouse Model.

Project description:Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat neurodegenerative disease in which a primary site of pathogenesis are cerebellar Purkinje cells. In addition to polyQ expansion of ataxin-1 protein (ATXN1), phosphorylation of ATXN1 at the serine 776 residue (ATXN1-pS776) plays a significant role in protein toxicity. Utilizing a biochemical approach, pharmacological agents and cell-based assays, including SCA1 patient iPSC-derived neurons, we examine the role of Protein Kinase A (PKA) as an effector of ATXN1-S776 phosphorylation. We further examine the implications of PKA-mediated phosphorylation at ATXN1-S776 on SCA1 through genetic manipulation of the PKA catalytic subunit Cα in Pcp2-ATXN1[82Q] mice. Here we show that pharmacologic inhibition of S776 phosphorylation in transfected cells and SCA1 patient iPSC-derived neuronal cells lead to a decrease in ATXN1. In vivo, reduction of PKA-mediated ATXN1-pS776 results in enhanced degradation of ATXN1 and improved cerebellar-dependent motor performance. These results provide evidence that PKA is a biologically important kinase for ATXN1-pS776 in cerebellar Purkinje cells.

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Project description:Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the ATXN1 gene leading to an expanded polyglutamine tract in the ATAXIN-1 protein. Ataxin-1 is broadly expressed throughout the brain and is known to be involved in regulating gene expression; however, it is not yet determined if mutant ataxin-1 regulates alternative splicing events. Utilizing SCA1 mouse models, we performed bulk RNA sequencing and looked for misregulated alternative splicing (mAS) events in SCA1 mouse cerebella. We found that mutant ataxin-1 causes mAS events to occur in the SCA1 mouse cerebella. Furthermore, we showed that abnormal splicing events predominantly occur in cell types that express mutant ataxin-1. Less than 25% of the mAS events were also differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and therefore their transcriptional dysregulation was previously unknown in the context of SCA1. We show through gene ontology analysis that mAS events reveal new biological pathways: mAS events showed changes in structural morphogenesis whereas DEGs showed changes in ion channel and transmembrane transport. We also report that mutant ataxin-1 causes dysregulation of expression of other ataxia-causing genes, providing evidence for molecular basis of clinical similarity among otherwise heterogeneous inherited cerebellar ataxias. We also identified the potential mechanism by which mutant ATXN1 causes mAS through its interaction with RBFOX1.

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Identifying common and region-specific disease signatures in Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 1 cortex and cerebellum

Project description:The neurodegenerative disease spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is known to lead to progressive degeneration of specific neuronal populations, including cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), brainstem cranial nerve nuclei and inferior olive nuclei, and spinocerebellar tracts. The disease-causing protein ataxin-1 is fairly ubiquitously expressed throughout the brain and spinal cord, but most studies have primarily focused on the role of ataxin-1 in the cerebellum and brainstem. Therefore, the functions of ataxin-1 and the effects of SCA1 mutations in other brain regions including the cortex are not well known. Here, we characterized pathology in the motor cortex of a SCA1 mouse model and performed RNA sequencing in this brain region to investigate the impact of mutant ataxin-1 towards transcriptomic alterations. We identified progressive cortical pathology and significant transcriptomic changes in the motor cortex of a SCA1 mouse model. We also identified progressive, region-specific, colocalization of p62 with mutant ataxin-1 aggregates in broad brain regions, but not the cerebellum or brainstem. A cross-regional comparison of the SCA1 cortical and cerebellar transcriptomic changes identified both common and unique gene expression changes between the two regions, including shared synaptic dysfunction and region-specific kinase regulation. These findings suggest that the cortex is progressively impacted via both shared and region-specific mechanisms in SCA1.

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Decreasing Mutant ATXN1 Nuclear Localization Improves a Spectrum of SCA1-Like Phenotypes and Brain Region Transcriptomic Profiles

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Molecular pathway analysis towards understanding tissue vulnerability in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1

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