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Microbial regulation of hexokinase 2 links mitochondrial metabolism and cell death in colitis

ABSTRACT: Hexokinases (HK) catalyze the first step of glycolysis and thereby limit its pace. HK2 is highly expressed in the gut epithelium, plays a role in immune responses and is upregulated in inflammation and ulcerative colitis 1-3. Here, we examined the microbial regulation of HK2 and its impact on intestinal inflammation by generating mice lacking HK2 specifically in intestinal epithelial cells (Hk2∆IEC). Hk2∆IEC mice were less susceptible to acute intestinal inflammation upon challenge with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Analyzing the epithelial transcriptome from Hk2∆IEC mice during acute colitis revealed downregulation of cell death signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction dependent on loss of HK2. Using intestinal organoids derived from Hk2∆IEC mice and Caco-2 cells lacking HK2, we identified peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIF) as a key target of HK2-mediated regulation of mitochondrial permeability and repression of cell-death during intestinal inflammation. The microbiota strongly regulated HK2 expression and activity. The microbially-derived short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate repressed HK2 expression and oral supplementation protected wildtype but not Hk2∆IEC mice from DSS colitis. Our findings define a novel mechanism how butyrate may act as a protective factor for intestinal barrier homeostasis and suggest targeted HK2 inhibition as a promising therapeutic avenue in intestinal inflammation.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE158026 | GEO | 2021/12/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Histone deacetylases (Hdac) remove acetyl groups from proteins, influencing global and specific gene expression. Hdacs control inflammation, as shown by Hdac inhibitor-dependent protection from DSS-induced murine colitis. While tissue-specific Hdac knockouts show redundant and specific functions, little is known of their intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) role. We have shown previously that dual Hdac1/Hdac2 IEC-specific loss disrupts cell proliferation and determination, with decreased secretory cell numbers and altered barrier function. We thus investigated how compound Hdac1/Hdac2 or Hdac2 IEC-specific deficiency alters the inflammatory response. Floxed Hdac1 and Hdac2 and villin-Cre mice were interbred. Compound Hdac1/Hdac2 IEC-deficient mice showed chronic basal inflammation, with increased basal Disease Activity Index (DAI) and deregulated Reg gene colonic expression. DSS-treated dual Hdac1/Hdac2 IEC-deficient mice displayed increased DAI, histological score, intestinal permeability and inflammatory gene expression. In contrast to double knockouts, Hdac2 IEC-specific loss did not affect IEC determination and growth, nor result in chronic inflammation. However, Hdac2 disruption protected against DSS colitis, as shown by decreased DAI, intestinal permeability and caspase-3 cleavage. Hdac2 IEC-specific deficient mice displayed increased expression of IEC gene subsets, such as colonic antimicrobial Reg3b and Reg3g mRNAs, and decreased expression of immune cell function-related genes. Our data show that Hdac1 and Hdac2 are essential IEC homeostasis regulators. IEC-specific Hdac1 and Hdac2 may act as epigenetic sensors and transmitters of environmental cues and regulate IEC-mediated mucosal homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Different levels of IEC Hdac activity may lead to positive or negative outcomes on intestinal homeostasis during inflammation Total RNAs from the colon of three control and three Hdac2 IEC-specific knockout mice were isolated with the Rneasy kit (Qiagen, Mississauga, ON, Canada).

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Microbial regulation of hexokinase 2 links mitochondrial metabolism and cell death in colitis

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