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The chromatin and regulatory properties of pluripotency-associated poised enhancers are conserved in vivo [ChIP-seq]

ABSTRACT: Transcriptional and phenotypic robustness during development is believed to require complex regulatory landscapes whereby multiple enhancers redundantly control the expression of major cell identity genes. In contrast, we previously described a limited and genetically distinct set of distal regulatory elements, known as poised enhancers (PEs), that control the induction of genes involved in early brain development in a hierarchical and non-redundant manner. Before becoming activated in neural progenitors, PEs are already bookmarked in pluripotent cells with unique chromatin and topological features that could contribute to their privileged regulatory properties. However, since PEs were originally identified and subsequently characterized using embryonic stem cells (ESC) as in an in vitro differentiation system, it is currently unknown whether PEs are functionally conserved in vivo. Here, we generate and mine various types of genomic data to conclusively show that the epigenetic and 3D structural features of PEs are conserved among pluripotent cells both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, by genetically disrupting evolutionary conserved PEs in mouse and chicken embryos, we demonstrate that these regulatory elements play essential and non-redundant roles during the induction of major anterior neural genes in vivo.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus Gallus gallus

PROVIDER: GSE160654 | GEO | 2020/12/31

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Genome-wide mapping of transcriptional regulatory elements are essential tools for the understanding of the molecular events orchestrating self-renewal, commitment and differentiation of stem cells. We combined high-throughput identification of nascent, Pol-II-transcribed RNAs by Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE-Seq) with genome-wide profiling of histones modifications by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-seq) to map active promoters and enhancers in a model of human neural commitment, represented by embryonic stem cells (ESCs) induced to differentiate into self-renewing neuroepithelial-like stem cells (NESC). We integrated CAGE-seq, ChIP-seq and gene expression profiles to discover shared or cell-specific regulatory elements, transcription start sites and transcripts associated to the transition from pluripotent to neural-restricted stem cell. Our analysis showed that >90% of the promoters are in common between the two cell types, while approximately half of the enhancers are cell-specific and account for most of the epigenetic changes occurring during neural induction, and most likely for the modulation of the promoters to generate cell-specific gene expression programs. Interestingly, the majority of the promoters activated or up-regulated during neural induction have a “bivalent” histone modification signature in ESCs, suggesting that developmentally-regulated promoters are already poised for transcription in ESCs, which are apparently pre-committed to neuroectodermal differentiation. Overall, our study provide a collection of differentially used enhancers, promoters, transcription starts sites, protein-coding and non-coding RNAs in human ESCs and ESC-derived NESCs, and a broad, genome-wide description of promoter and enhancer usage and gene expression programs occurring in the transition from a pluripotent to a neural-restricted cell fate. Investiagtion of promoters usage changes during ESCs neural induction ESCs and NESCs promoter usage profiling by CAGE-seq