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Innate sensor Dhx9 orchestrates TCR signaling and controls CD8 T cell immunity against viral infection [ATAC-Seq]

ABSTRACT: Nuclear sensor molecules of innate cells recognize pathogenic DNA or RNA to activate innate immunity and defense against bacteria and virus infection. Although some sensors exhibit their preliminary functions in T cells, it is still unclear about the underlying mechanism. Here we found a nuclear sensor-Dhx9, was enhanced its expression in effector CD8 T cells. T cell specific deletion of Dhx9 caused an impaired CD8 T cell expansion, memory formation and virus clearance. Mechanically, Dhx9 could directly regulate id2 transcription and in turn control effector CD8 T cell differentiation. Importantly, Dhx9 could bind to Lck protein, mediate Zap70 phosphorylation, and promoting TCR downstream signaling - ERK pathway to protect effector CD8 T cells from apoptosis. The DSRM and DEXDc-Helicase domain is required for Lck binding and Id2 transcription, respectively. Therefore, we revealed a novel regulatory mechanism that innate nuclear sensor regulates T cell fate and function through modulating adaptive pathways.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE161697 | GEO | 2020/11/19

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Sensing of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is an important component of innate immunity. Proteins like PKR and MDA5 recognize dsRNA and activate various pathways to fight viral infection. In addition to viral dsRNA, many endogenous RNAs containing double-stranded regions can be misrecognized as immunogenic. The RNA editing enzyme ADAR1, specifically its p150 isoform, has been shown to suppress activation of PKR and MDA5 through its A-to-I editing activity. While the cytoplasmic ADAR1-p150 isoform has been well established within this role, the functions of the nuclear ADAR1-p110 isoform are less understood. To address this knowledge gap, we utilized proximity labeling by APEX2 to identify putative ADAR1-p110 interacting proteins. We identified 110 proteins across three breast cancer cell lines that either interact with p110 or are within close proximity. Many of these proteins have known roles in RNA metabolism. Nine of the identified proteins belong to the DEAD or DEAH box families of RNA helicases, including DHX9. DHX9 is overexpressed in breast cancer, with expression closely correlated with that of p110. By co-immunoprecipitation we confirmed that p110 interacts with DHX9. Knockdown of DHX9 in several triple-negative breast cancer cell lines caused cell death and activation of the dsRNA sensor PKR. In two cell lines that are refractory to knockdown of ADAR1, the combined knockdown of DHX9 and ADAR1 caused a substantial increase in PKR activity, where knockdown of either alone had no effect. Knockdown of DHX9 and ADAR1 caused activation of the type I IFN pathway, RNase L and NF-KB signaling. Activation of these proteins and pathways was not seen with individual knockdown of ADAR1 or DHX9. Activation of PKR following combined knockdown of ADAR1 and DHX9 could be rescued by expression of p110, p150, DHX9, and catalytically inactive DHX9. Additionally PKR activation could be rescued by the dsRBM of DHX9, revealing an important role for dsRBMs in suppressing PKR activation. Together these results reveal an important role for DHX9 in suppressing dsRNA sensing by multiple pathways.

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Innate sensor Dhx9 orchestrates TCR signaling and controls CD8 T cell immunity against viral infection [ATAC-Seq]

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