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An IL-9-pulmonary macrophage axis defines the allergic lung inflammatory environment

ABSTRACT: Despite IL-9 functioning as a pleiotropic cytokine in mucosal environments, the IL-9 responsive cell repertoire is still not well defined. Here, we found IL-9 mediates pro-allergic activities by targeting lung macrophages. IL-9 inhibits alveolar macrophage expansion and promotes recruitment of monocytes that develop into CD11c+/- interstitial macrophage populations. Interstitial macrophages were required for IL-9-dependent allergic responses. Mechanistically, IL-9 affects the function of lung macrophages by inducing Arg1 activity. Compared to Arg1-deficient lung macrophages, Arg1-expressing macrophages co-express greater amounts of CCL5. Adoptive transfer of Arg1+ lung macrophages but not Arg1- lung macrophages can recover allergic inflammation that is lost in Il9r-/- mice. In parallel, the elevated expression of IL-9, IL-9R, Arg1 and CCL5 is correlated with disease in asthma patients. Thus, our study uncovers an IL-9/macrophage/Arg1 axis as a potential therapeutic target for allergic airway inflammation.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE162898 | GEO | 2021/11/15

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Allergic airway inflammation is a chronic inflammatory condition resulting from uncontrolled immune responses to environmental antigens. While it is well-established that allergic immune responses exhibit a high degree of diversity, driven by primary effector cell types like eosinophils, neutrophils, or CD4 T cells with distinct effector signatures, the exact mechanisms responsible for such pathogenesis remain largely elusive. Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) is an indispensable immune regulator during chronic inflammation including allergic airway inflammation. Emerging evidence suggests that Tregs infiltrating inflamed tissues exhibit distinct phenotypes dependent on the specific tissue sites and can display significant heterogeneity and tissue residency. Whether diverse allergic inflammatory responses in the lung influences infiltrating Treg heterogeneity or Treg lung residency has not previously been explored. We employed an unbiased single-cell RNAseq approach to study lung-infiltrating Tregs in models of eosinophilic and neutrophilic airway inflammation models, in which Tregs are critical immune regulators of inflammation. We found that lung-infiltrating Tregs are highly heterogeneous and that Tregs displaying lung residency phenotypes are significantly different depending on the types of inflammation. Tregs expression of ST2, a receptor for alarmin cytokine IL-33, was predominantly induced by eosinophilic inflammation and by tissue residency. However, Treg-specific ST2 deficiency did not affect the development of eosinophilic allergic inflammation nor the generation of lung resident Tregs. These results uncover a striking heterogeneity among Tregs infiltrating the lungs during allergic airway inflammation. The results also indicate that varying types of inflammation may give rise to phenotypically distinct lung resident Tregs. Thus, the present study underscores a novel mechanism by which inflammatory environments may shape the composition of infiltrating Tregs, allowing them to regulate inflammatory responses through tissue-adapted mechanisms.

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An IL-9-pulmonary macrophage axis defines the allergic lung inflammatory environment

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