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RNAseq samples of CNQX treated Arabidopsis roots regenerating at different time points.

ABSTRACT: Wounding is a trigger for both regeneration and defense in plants, but it is not clear if the two responses are linked by common activation or represent potential tradeoffs. While plant glutamate-like receptors (GLRs) are known to mediate defense responses, we implicate GLRs in regeneration through dynamic changes in chromatin and transcription in reprogramming cells near wound sites. Here, we show that genetic mutation and pharmacological inhibition of GLRs increases regeneration efficiency in multiple organ repair systems and plant species. Perturbation of GLR-mediated function, possibly by affecting Calcium fluxes, speeds cell division and re-specification of the stem cell niche while dampening a subset of defense responses. We show that the GLRs work through salicylic acid (SA) signaling in their effects on regeneration, with mutants in the SA receptor NPR1 partially resistant to GLR perturbation and hyper regenerative. These findings reveal a conserved mechanism that regulates a tradeoff between defense and regeneration and also offer new strategies to improve regeneration in agricultural and conservation.

ORGANISM(S): Arabidopsis thaliana

PROVIDER: GSE168385 | GEO | 2021/07/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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ATACseq samples of Arabidopsis thaliana regenerating root at different time points.

Project description:Wounding is a trigger for both regeneration and defense in plants, but it is not clear if the two responses are linked by common activation or represent potential tradeoffs. While plant glutamate-like receptors (GLRs) are known to mediate defense responses, we implicate GLRs in regeneration through dynamic changes in chromatin and transcription in reprogramming cells near wound sites. Here, we show that genetic mutation and pharmacological inhibition of GLRs increases regeneration efficiency in multiple organ repair systems and plant species. Perturbation of GLR-mediated function, possibly by affecting Calcium fluxes, speeds cell division and re-specification of the stem cell niche while dampening a subset of defense responses. We show that the GLRs work through salicylic acid (SA) signaling in their effects on regeneration, with mutants in the SA receptor NPR1 partially resistant to GLR perturbation and hyper regenerative. These findings reveal a conserved mechanism that regulates a tradeoff between defense and regeneration and also offer new strategies to improve regeneration in agricultural and conservation.

2021-07-01 | GSE168381 | GEO

Salicylic acid inhibits transcriptional repression activities of its receptors to promote defense gene expression

Project description:Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant defense hormone required for immunity. Arabidopsis NPR1 and NPR3/NPR4 were previously shown to bind SA and proposed as SA receptors. However, unlike NPR1, loss of NPR3/NPR4 does not block SA-induced defense gene expression. Here we report that NPR3/NPR4 function as transcriptional repressors and SA inhibits their activities to promote the expression of key immune regulators. npr4-4D, a newly identified gain-of-function allele that renders NPR4 unable to bind SA, constitutively represses SA-induced immune responses. In contrast, the equivalent mutation in NPR1 abolishes its function in promoting SA-induced defense gene expression. Further analysis revealed that npr4-4D and npr1-1 have additive effect on blocking SA-induced defense gene expression, suggesting that NPR4 and NPR1 function in parallel to regulate SA-induced immune responses. Our study reveals the molecular functions of SA receptors NPR3/NPR4 and uncovers a brand new mechanism of SA perception.

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Oxicam-type nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit NPR1-mediated salicylic acid pathway

Project description:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including salicylic acid (SA), target mammalian cyclooxygenases. In plants, SA is a defense hormone that regulates NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1), the master transcriptional regulator of immunity-related genes. We identify that the oxicam-type NSAIDs tenoxicam (TNX), meloxicam, and piroxicam, but not other types of NSAIDs, exhibit an inhibitory effect on immunity to bacteria and SA-dependent plant immune response. TNX treatment decreases NPR1 levels, independently from the proposed SA receptors NPR3 and NPR4. Instead, TNX induces oxidation of cytosolic redox status, which is also affected by SA and regulates NPR1 homeostasis. A cysteine labeling assay reveals that cysteine residues in NPR1 can be oxidized in vitro, leading to disulfide-bridged oligomerization of NPR1, but not in vivo regardless of SA or TNX treatment. Therefore, this study indicates that oxicam inhibits NPR1-mediated SA signaling without affecting the redox status of NPR1.

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Salicylic Acid Suppresses Apical Hook Formation via NPR1-Mediated Repression of EIN3/EIL1 in Arabidopsis

Project description:Salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) are two important plant hormones that regulate numerous plant growth, development, and stress response processes. Previous studies have suggested functional interplay of SA and ET in defense response, but precisely how these two hormones co-regulate plant growth and development processes remains unclear. The present findings reveal an antagonism between SA and ET in apical hook formation, a process that ensures successful soil emergence of dicotyledonous etiolated seedlings. Exogenous SA inhibited the ET-induced expression of HOOKLESS1 (HLS1) in a manner dependent on ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3)/EIN3-LIKE1 (EIL1), the core transcription factors in the ET signaling pathway. We found that SA-activated NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES1 (NPR1) physically interacted with EIN3 and interfered with the direct binding of EIN3 to target gene promoters, including the HLS1 promoter. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that NPR1 and EIN3/EIL1 coordinately regulated subsets of genes that mediate plant growth and stress responses, suggesting that the interaction between NPR1 and EIN3/EIL1 might be an important mechanism for integrating the SA and ET signaling pathways in multiple physiological processes. Taken together, our findings shed light on the molecular mechanism underlying SA regulation of apical hook formation as well as the antagonism between SA and ET in early seedling establishment and possibly other physiological processes.

2020-08-20 | GSE137212 | GEO

Bulk RNA-sequencing of hypocotyl explant-derived calli of Arabidopsis WT and rap2.12-2

Project description:Plants are aerobic organisms that rely on molecular oxygen for respiratory energy production. Hypoxic conditions, with oxygen levels ranging between 1% and 5%, usually limit aerobic respiration and affect plant growth and development. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxic microenvironment induced by active cell proliferation during the two-step plant regeneration process intrinsically represses the regeneration competence of callus in Arabidopsis thaliana. Hypoxia-repressed plant regeneration was mediated by the RELATED TO APETALA 2.12 (RAP2.12) protein, a member of the Ethylene Response Factor VII (ERF-VII) family. The hypoxia-activated RAP2.12 protein promoted salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis and defense responses, inhibiting pluripotency acquisition and de novo shoot regeneration in calli. RAP2.12 could bind directly to the SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (SID2) gene promoter and activate SA biosynthesis, repressing plant regeneration via a PLETHORA (PLT)-dependent pathway. The rap2.12 mutant calli exhibited enhanced shoot regeneration, which was impaired by SA treatment. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that cell proliferation-dependent hypoxic microenvironment reduces cellular pluripotency and plant regeneration through the RAP2.12–SID2 module.

2024-02-16 | GSE249447 | GEO

Bulk RNA-sequencing of hypocotyl explants and hypocotyl explant-derived calli of Arabidopsis

2024-02-16 | GSE249446 | GEO

Arabidopsis at the stage of Golovinomyces cichoracearum haustorium formation

Project description:Here, we sought to describe qualitative and quantitative changes in the global gene expression profiles of susceptible Arabidopsis plants supporting the development of G. cichoracearum haustoria. We analyzed the features of compatibility at this infection stage, and further evaluated the contribution of the SA- and JA/ET-dependent defense signaling pathways in the pathogen-induced responses by comparing responses in infected wild-type, npr1-1, and jar1-1 plants. Our findings collectively contribute to knowledge regarding early host cell alterations generated in response to attack by this virulent obligate biotrophic fungus. Set of arrays organized by shared biological context, such as organism, tumors types, processes, etc. Disease State: plant infected/uninfected with Golovinomyces orontii Genotype: wt/mutant strains Keywords: Logical Set Computed

2008-10-21 | E-GEOD-13199 | biostudies-arrayexpress

OsNPR1-dependent rice genes

Project description:NPR1 is a central positive regulator of salicylic-acid (SA)-mediated defense signaling in Arabidopsis. Here, we report characterization of OsNPR1, an Oryzae sativa (rice) ortholog of NPR1, focusing on its role in blast disease resistance and identification of OsNPR1-regulated genes followed by their comparison with NPR1-regulated genes in Arabidopsis. Blast resistance tests using OsNPR1–knockdown and –overexpressing rice lines indicated that OsNPR1 plays an essential role in benzothiadiazole-induced blast resistance. Genome-wide transcript profiling using OsNPR1–knockdown lines revealed that 358 genes out of 1,228 BTH-upregulated genes and 724 genes out of 1,069 BTH-downregulated genes were OsNPR1 dependent with respect to their BTH responsiveness, indicating that OsNPR1 plays a major role in the downregulation. Inspection of OsNPR1-dependent genes revealed that many genes involved in photosynthesis and chloroplastic translation and transcription were downregulated by BTH in an OsNPR1 dependent manner, indicating that photosynthesis and chloroplast activities is coordinately suppressed by OsNPR1 in response to BTH-induced activation of SA-signaling pathway. ABA-responsive genes were also OsNPR1-dependently downregulated, suggesting antagonistic interaction of SA signaling on ABA signaling. None of 11 BTH-upregulated genes for WRKY transcription factors was OsNPR1 dependent, whereas most of those are NPR1-dependently upregulated in Arabidopsis, indicating that the role of OsNPR1 is distinct from that of NPR1 in Arabidopsis. We discuss the significance of OsNPR1-regulated gene expression in SA-regulated defense program and the role of OsNPR1 in rice SA-signaling pathway that is branched to OsNPR1- and rice WRKY45-dependent sub-pathways.

2010-12-24 | GSE16144 | GEO

Salicylic acid-induced gene expression in wild-type Col-0 and mutant upl1, upl5, and npr1-1 Arabidopsis thaliana plants

Project description:The plant immune hormone salicylic acid (SA) modulates transcriptional reprogramming via controlling the master transcriptional coactivator, NPR1. Here we examined the role of HECT-type ubiquitin ligases, UPL1 and UPL5, in SA/NPR1-dependent transcriptional control. We showed that UPL1 and UPL5 are essential regulators of SA-responsive genes, and regulate SA-induced transcriptional reprogramming in a NPR1-dependent manner. Four-week old Arabidopsis thaliana plants of wild-type Col-0, mutant upl1, mutant upl5, and mutant npr1-1 genotypes were germinated on soil in 100% relative humidity. Plants were continuously grown in an environmental chamber with 16/8 hour day/night light regime (120 mol m-2 s-1 light intensity), 21/18 degrees celcius day/night cycle and 65% relative humidity. 4-week-old plants were sprayed with water or 0.5 mM SA until all leaves were thoroughly covered with fine droplets, samples were collected after 24 hours treatment. In total two independent biological repeats were collected.

2021-10-05 | E-MTAB-10963 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:Global gene-expression profiles of WT Arabidopsis (Col-0), npr1-1, and hac1/5 were generated by RNA seq to study functional relationship between NPR1 and HACs in plant defense

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