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Lockdown, caregiving, and antiviral gene regulation in macaques

ABSTRACT: Previous research has linked perceived social isolation (loneliness) to reduced antiviral immunity, but the immunologic effects of the objective social isolation imposed by pandemic “shelter in place” (SIP) policies is unknown. We assessed the immunologic impact of SIP by relocating 21 adult male rhesus macaques from 2000 sq-m field cage communities of 70-132 other macaques to 2 wks of individual housing in indoor shelters. SIP was associated with down-regulation of Type I interferon (IFN) antiviral gene expression. This effect emerged within the first 48 hrs of SIP, persisted for at least 2 wks, and abated within 4 wks of return to social housing. A subsequent round of SIP in the presence of a novel juvenile macaque abrogated this effect. These results identify a significant adverse effect of SIP social isolation on antiviral immune regulation in circulating immune cells and they suggest a potential behavioral strategy for ameliorating such effects by promoting pro-social engagement during SIP.

ORGANISM(S): Macaca mulatta

PROVIDER: GSE174065 | GEO | 2021/07/28

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Adolescence is a critical period in cognitive and emotional development, characterized by high levels of social interaction and increases in risk-taking behavior including binge drinking. Adolescent exposure to social stress and binge ethanol have individually been associated with the development of social, emotional, and cognitive deficits, as well as increased risk for alcohol use disorder. Disruption of cortical development by early life social stress and/or binge drinking may partly underlie these enduring emotional, cognitive, and behavioral effects. The study goal is to implement a novel neighbor housing environment to identify the effects of adolescent neighbor housing and/or binge ethanol drinking on (1) a battery of emotional and cognitive tasks (2) adult ethanol drinking behavior, and (3) the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex transcriptome. Adolescent male and female C57BL/6J mice were single or neighbor housed with or without access to intermittent ethanol. One cohort underwent behavioral testing during adulthood to determine social preference, expression of anxiety-like behavior, cognitive performance, and patterns of ethanol intake. The second cohort was sacrificed in late adolescence and brain tissue was used for transcriptomics analysis. As adults, single housed mice displayed decreased social interaction, deficits in the novel object recognition task, and increased anxiety-like behavior, relative to neighbor-housed mice. There was no effect of housing condition on adolescent or adult ethanol consumption. Adolescent ethanol exposure did not alter adult ethanol intake. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that adolescent housing condition and ethanol exposure resulted in differential expression of genes related to synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens and genes related to methylation, the extracellular matrix and inflammation in the prefrontal cortex. The behavioral results indicate that social interaction during adolescence via the neighbor housing model may protect against emotional, social, and cognitive deficits. In addition, the transcriptomics results suggest that these behavioral alterations may be mediated in part by dysregulation of transcription in the frontal cortex or the nucleus accumbens

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Lockdown, caregiving, and antiviral gene regulation in macaques

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