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Pro-inflammatory Beta Cell Small Extracellular Vesicles Induce Beta Cell Failure Through Activation of the CXCL10/CXCR3 Axis in Diabetes

ABSTRACT: Coordinated communication among pancreatic islet cells is necessary for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. In diabetes, chronic exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines has been shown to perturb β-cell communication and function. Compelling evidence has implicated extracellular vesicles (EVs) in modulating physiological and pathological responses to β-cell stress. We report that pro-inflammatory β-cell small EVs (cytoEV) induce β-cell dysfunction, promote a pro-inflammatory islet transcriptome, and enhance recruitment of CD8+ T-cells and macrophages. Proteomic analysis of cytoEV revealed an enrichment of the chemokine, CXCL10, with surface topological analysis depicting CXCL10 as membrane-bound on cytoEV to facilitate direct binding to CXCR3 receptors on the surface of β-cells. CXCR3 receptor inhibition reduced CXCL10-cytoEV binding and attenuated β-cell dysfunction, inflammatory gene expression, and leukocyte recruitment to islets. Collectively, this work implicates the significant role of pro-inflammatory β-cell derived small EVs in modulating β-cell function, global gene expression, and antigen presentation through activation of the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE175688 | GEO | 2021/05/28

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Pro-inflammatory Beta Cell Small Extracellular Vesicles Induce Beta Cell Failure Through Activation of the CXCL10/CXCR3 Axis in Diabetes

Project description:Coordinated communication among pancreatic islet cells is necessary for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. In diabetes, chronic exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines has been shown to perturb β-cell communication and function. Compelling evidence has implicated extracellular vesicles (EVs) in modulating physiological and pathological responses to β-cell stress. We report that pro-inflammatory β-cell small EVs (cytoEV) induce β-cell dysfunction, promote a pro-inflammatory islet transcriptome, and enhance recruitment of CD8+ T-cells and macrophages. Proteomic analysis of cytoEV revealed an enrichment of the chemokine, CXCL10, with surface topological analysis depicting CXCL10 as membrane-bound on cytoEV to facilitate direct binding to CXCR3 receptors on the surface of β-cells. CXCR3 receptor inhibition reduced CXCL10-cytoEV binding and attenuated β-cell dysfunction, inflammatory gene expression, and leukocyte recruitment to islets. Collectively, this work implicates the significant role of pro-inflammatory β-cell derived small EVs in modulating β-cell function, global gene expression, and antigen presentation through activation of the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis.

2021-08-25 | PXD026998 | Pride

Pro-inflammatory Beta Cell Small Extracellular Vesicles Induce Beta Cell Failure Through Activation of the CXCL10/CXCR3 Axis in Diabetes

Project description:Pro-inflammatory Beta Cell Small Extracellular Vesicles Induce Beta Cell Failure Through Activation of the CXCL10/CXCR3 Axis in Diabetes

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transcriptional profile of islet EVs for diabetes genes

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Analysis of micro-RNA expression profiles in human islets and islet-derived exosomes during cytokine mediated β cell stress and death

Project description:Biomarkers capable of monitoring β cell stress during the evolution of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are currently lacking. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs ~22 nucleotides in length that modulate gene expression by binding to the 3’untranslated region of target mRNAs. Given their stability in biological fluids and enrichment in cell-derived EVs, we hypothesized that miRNAs from human islet and islet-derived EVs could identify β-cell stress/death and be leveraged in T1D biomarker strategies. To test this, human islets were obtained from 10 cadaveric donors (5 male/5 female) and treated with or without cytokines (IL-1β and IFN-γ) for 24 hrs, as an ex vivo model of T1D. Small RNA sequencing was performed and identified 1110 and 890 miRNAs in total and 20 and 14 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs (fold change≥1.5 and p<0.05) from islets and EVs, respectively. These findings were validated in an independent set of cytokine-treated islets and islet-derived EVs (7M and 5F donors). Interestingly, miRNA expression pattern was strikingly different between male and female donors at baseline and under cytokine stress with < 10% overlap among the DE miRNAs. miR-155-5p and miR-146a-5p were the only two miRNAs that were upregulated in cytokine-treated islets and EVs in both the sexes. Functional enrichment analysis of DE miRNAs identified pathways such as insulin signaling, ER stress and apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest that miRNA expression patterns change dynamically in both human islets and islet-derived EVs in response to pro-inflammatory cytokine stress. EV miRNAs were largely distinct from those in the islet fraction, suggesting that miRNAs are selectively packaged into EVs in response to extrinsic cues. Finally, these data highlight the importance of considering sex as a biological variable when defining T1D biomarkers.

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Cxcl10 and Cxcr3 regulate self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells

Project description:Background: The function of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is regulated by HSC internal signaling pathways and their microenvironment. Chemokines and chemokine ligands play important roles in the regulation of HSC function. Yet, their functions in HSC are not fully understood. Methods: We established Cxcr3 and Cxcl10 knockout mouse models (Cxcr3-/- and Cxcl10-/-) to analyze the roles of Cxcr3 or Cxcl10 in regulating HSC function. The cell cycle distribution of LT-HSC was assessed via flow cytometry. Cxcr3-/-and Cxcl10-/-stem/progenitor cells showed reduced self-renewal capacity as measured in serial transplantation assays. To study the effects of Cxcr3 or Cxcl10 deficient bone marrow microenvironment, we transplanted CD45.1 donor cells into Cxcr3-/-or Cxcl10-/- recipient mice (CD45.2) and examined donor-contributed hematopoiesis. Results: Deficiency of Cxcl10 and its receptor Cxcr3 led to decreased BM cellularity in mice, with a significantly increased proportion of LT-HSC. Cxcl10-/- stem/progenitor cells showed reduced self-renewal capacity in the secondary transplantation assay. Notably, Cxcl10-/- donor-derived cells preferentially differentiated into B lymphocytes, with skewed myeloid differentiation ability. Meanwhile, Cxcr3-deficient HSCs demonstrated a reconstitution disadvantage in secondary transplantation, but the lineage bias was not significant. Interestingly, the absence of Cxcl10 or Cxcr3 in bone marrow microenvironment did not affect HSC function. Conclusions: The Cxcl10 and Cxcr3 regulate the function of HSC, including self-renewal and differentiation, adding to the understanding of the roles of chemokines in the regulation of HSC function.

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Project description:The circadian clock plays a vital role in modulating the cellular immune response. However, its role in mediating pro-inflammatory diabetogenic β-cell injury remains largely unexplored. Our studies demonstrate that conditional deletion of Bmal1 in mouse β-cells was shown to impair the ability of β-cells to recover from streptozotocin-mediated pro-inflammatory injury in vivo, leading to β-cell failure and the development of diabetes. Our study suggests that the β-cell circadian clock mediates β-cell response and recovery from pro-inflammatory injury common to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.

2024-10-31 | GSE278711 | GEO

The impact of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the β-cell regulatory landscape provides insights into the genetics of type 1 diabetes

Project description:Early stages of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are characterized by local autoimmune inflammation and progressive loss of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. We show here that exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines unmasks a marked plasticity of the β-cell regulatory landscape. We expand the repertoire of human islet regulatory elements by mapping stimulus-responsive enhancers linked to changes in the β-cell transcriptome, proteome and 3D chromatin structure. Our data indicates that the β cell response to cytokines is mediated by the induction of novel regulatory regions as well as the activation of primed regulatory elements pre-bound by islet-specific transcription factors. We found that T1D-associated loci are enriched of the newly mapped cis-regulatory regions and identify T1D-associated variants disrupting cytokine-responsive enhancer activity in human β cells. Our study illustrates how β cells respond to a pro-inflammatory environment and implicate a role for stimulus-response islet enhancers in T1D.

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The impact of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the β-cell regulatory landscape provides insights into the genetics of type 1 diabtes [ATAC-seq]

Project description:Early stages of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are characterized by local autoimmune inflammation and progressive loss of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. We show here that exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines unmasks a striking plasticity of the β-cell regulatory landscape. We expand the repertoire of human islet regulatory elements by mapping stimulus-responsive enhancers linked to changes in the β-cell transcriptome, proteome and 3D chromatin structure. Our data indicates that the β cell response to cytokines is mediated by the induction of novel regulatory regions as well as the activation of primed regulatory elements pre-bound by islet-specific transcription factors. We found that T1D-associated loci are enriched of the newly mapped cis-regulatory regions and identify T1D-associated variants disrupting cytokine-responsive enhancer activity in human β cells. Our study illustrates how β cells respond to a pro-inflammatory environment and implicate a role for stimulus-response islet enhancers in T1D.

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The impact of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the β-cell regulatory landscape provides insights into the genetics of type 1 diabtes [UMI-4C]

Project description:Early stages of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are characterized by local autoimmune inflammation and progressive loss of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. We show here that exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines unmasks a striking plasticity of the β-cell regulatory landscape. We expand the repertoire of human islet regulatory elements by mapping stimulus-responsive enhancers linked to changes in the β-cell transcriptome, proteome and 3D chromatin structure. Our data indicates that the β cell response to cytokines is mediated by the induction of novel regulatory regions as well as the activation of primed regulatory elements pre-bound by islet-specific transcription factors. We found that T1D-associated loci are enriched of the newly mapped cis-regulatory regions and identify T1D-associated variants disrupting cytokine-responsive enhancer activity in human β cells. Our study illustrates how β cells respond to a pro-inflammatory environment and implicate a role for stimulus-response islet enhancers in T1D.

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The impact of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the β-cell regulatory landscape provides insights into the genetics of type 1 diabtes [H3K27ac ChIP-seq]

Project description:Early stages of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are characterized by local autoimmune inflammation and progressive loss of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. We show here that exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines unmasks a striking plasticity of the β-cell regulatory landscape. We expand the repertoire of human islet regulatory elements by mapping stimulus-responsive enhancers linked to changes in the β-cell transcriptome, proteome and 3D chromatin structure. Our data indicates that the β cell response to cytokines is mediated by the induction of novel regulatory regions as well as the activation of primed regulatory elements pre-bound by islet-specific transcription factors. We found that T1D-associated loci are enriched of the newly mapped cis-regulatory regions and identify T1D-associated variants disrupting cytokine-responsive enhancer activity in human β cells. Our study illustrates how β cells respond to a pro-inflammatory environment and implicate a role for stimulus-response islet enhancers in T1D.

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